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CBD_PSY > ch2 - neuroscience and behavior > Flashcards

ch2 - neuroscience and behavior Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

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2
Q

dendrite

A

the part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons

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3
Q

axon

A

carries and receives messages received by the dendrites to other neurons

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4
Q

terminal button

A

the end of an axon - sends messages to other neurons

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5
Q

impulse

A

electrical message that moves across the neuron in one direction. From dendrite to cell body to axon to adjacent neurons

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

a protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axon

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7
Q

all or none law

A

neurons only fire either on or off. no in between state

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8
Q

resting state

A

neuron before it is triggered, negative electrical charge of about 70millivolts

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9
Q

action potential

A

electrical impuls when the neuron becomes positively charged and reaches critical level

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10
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that fire not only a person enacts a particular behavior, but also when they observe another person carrying out the same behavior

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11
Q

synapse

A

the space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of another receiving neuron

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12
Q

neurotransmittor

A

chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite.

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13
Q

excitatory mesasges

A

chemical messages that make it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and action potential will travel down its axon

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14
Q

inhibitory message

A

provide chemical information that prevents or decreases the likelihood that the receiving neuron will fire.

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15
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorption / chemical recycling of chemicals produced by constant excitatory and inhibitory messages

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16
Q

Dopamine pathways

A

acetylcholine
gluatamate
gamma aminobutyric acid

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17
Q

serotonin pathways

A

dopamine
serotonin
endorphins

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18
Q

explain the structure of a neuron

A

a neuron has a cell body, which contains a nucleus, with a cluster of fibers called dendrites which recieve messages from other neurons. on the opposite end of the cell body is a tubelike extension called an axon which ends in a small bulge called a terminal button which sends messages

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19
Q

how do neurons fire

A

they release an action potential, an electircal charge that travels through the axon. Neurons operat all or none law.

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20
Q

describe how messages travel from neuron to neuron

A

Neuron fires, nerve impulses are carried to other neurons via chemical substances called neurotransmitters, that bridge the gaps (synapses) between neurons

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21
Q

acetylcholine

A

transmits messages relating to our muscles and is involved in memory capabilities

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22
Q

glutamate

A

plays a role in memory

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23
Q

gamma aminobutyric acid

A

moderates behaviors from eating to aggression

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24
Q

dopamine

A

involved in movement attention and learning

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25
Q

serotonin

A

regulation of sleep, eating, mood, pain, and

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26
Q

endorphins

A

pain suppresion, pleasurable feelings,
appetite, placebos

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27
Q

central nervous system

A

composed of the brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

made up of long axons and dendrites, contains all parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

three kind of neurons involved in reflexes

A

sensory
motor
interneurons

30
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system

31
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

communicate information from the nervous system to the muscles and glands

32
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory and motor neurons carrying messages between the two

33
Q

two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic divisions

34
Q

somatic division

A

the peripheral nervous system specializes in the control of voluntary movements, and communicates information to and from the sense organs

35
Q

autonomic division

A

controls the parts of the body that keep us alive, the heart, blood vessels, glands, lungs, and other organs that function involuntarily

36
Q

divisions of the autnomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

37
Q

sympathetic division

A

acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations engaging all the organisms resources to run away or confront the threat. -fight or flight response

38
Q

parasympathetic division

A

acts to calm the body after the emergency has ended

39
Q

behavioral genetics

A

studies the effects of heredity on behavior

cognitive abilities, personality traits, sexual orientation, and psychological disorders are determined to some extent by genetic factors`

40
Q

gene therapy

A

scientists inject genes meant to cure a particular disease into a pations bloodstream triggering defective genes to produce chemicals to treat the disease

40
Q

genetic counseling / counselors

A

help people with issues related to inherited disorders. ie risks in future pregancy, birth defects, hereditary illness

41
Q

endocrine system

A

chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream. Its job is to secretes hormones

42
Q

hormones

A

chemicals that circulate through the blood and regulate the functioning or growth of the body. Also influences and can be influenced by the nervous system

43
Q

how fast do neural messages travel

A

thousands of a second

44
Q

how fast does hormonal communication happen

A

may take minutes to reach destinatin

45
Q

pituitary gland

A

controls the functioning of the rest of the endocrine system - secretes hormons that control growth

46
Q

how are the structures of the nervous system linked together

A

composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system which is made up of the somatic (voluntary movement) and autonomic (involuntary functions). autonomic is comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

47
Q

describe how the endocrine system works

A

it secrets hormones that regulate the functioning of the body via bloodstream. The pituitary gland secrets growth and influences the release of hormones by other endocrine glands, and is regulated by the hypothalamus

48
Q

electroencephalogram EEG

A

records electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the skull - produces a graph of electrical wave patterns

49
Q

Positron emission tomography PET

A

shows biochemical activity within the brain at the given moment, can determine the more active regions. used in cases of memory problems or finding brain tumors

50
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI

A

detailed three dimensional computer generated image of brain structures with magnetic fields

51
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS

A

uses magnetic fields to produce an understanding of the functioning brain. causes momentary interruption of electrical activity. Can potentially treat psychological disorders such as depression or schizophrenia

52
Q

central core

A

the old brain, directs our basic functions

53
Q

hindbrain

A

contains the medulla, pons and cerbellum

54
Q

medulla

A

controls critical body functions - breathing and hearbeat

55
Q

pons

A

joins the two halves of the cerebellum - involved in sleep and arousal

56
Q

cerebellum

A

controls bodily balance - also several intellectual functions ranging from analysis, coordination of sensory information, to problem solving

57
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network in the brain produces general arousal of our body. Can prompt heightened state of awareness, can also regulate our sleep wake cycle by filtering out background stimuli

58
Q

thalmus

A

relay station for information about the senses - messages from eyes ears and skin travel to thalmus to be communicated upward to higher parts of the brain

59
Q

hypothalmus

A

major function is to maintain homestasis, provides constant body temperature and monitors the amount of nutriets store in the cells
produces and regulates behavior that is critical to to survival of the species, eating, self protection and sex.

60
Q

limbic system

A

amygdala and hippocampus - controls basic functions relating to emotions and self preservation, learning, memory and pleasure

61
Q

cerebral cortex

A

new brain - higher thought functions

62
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor area

63
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory area - touch

64
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory area

65
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual area

66
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the brains ability to change and reorganize itself

67
Q

hemispheres

A

left and right halves of the brain - control motion and receive sensation from their opposite location

68
Q

lateralization

A

certain behaviors are more likely to reflect activity in one hemisphere than in the other

69
Q

left hemisphere

A

language processing and verbal competence, speaking reding thinking and reasoning

70
Q

right hemisphere

A

spatial relationships, recognition of patters, and drawings music and emotional expression

71
Q

association area

A

site of higher mental processes such as thinkinglanguage memory and speech

CBD_PSY (4 decks)

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