Ch2

Question 1

Sources of Ideas

Answer 1

• Common sense, practical problems, observations of the world around
• theories: a unified body of ideas that can organize and explain a variety of specific facts
  theories also generate new knowledge because the theory can predict new facts that we haven’t seen yet
  
  • if new facts don;t fit, we recheck the new facts or change the theory
• past research can also give us ideas for new research, much the same way as a theory
  
  • look for gaps or inconsistencies in info has already been studied, to consider what to research next

Question 2

Types of Research Reports

Answer 2

literary review
theory article

Question 3

literary review

Answer 3

summarizes previous research in a particular area
- searching for “topic) literature review” is a great starting point
theory article summarizes previous research, and then integrates it into a new framework for understanding this data
- an empirical research article is a report of a study that started with a research question, and then gathered data to answer it

Question 4

Exploring Past Research

Answer 4

• before you can do research on your own question, you have to review what’s already been done
• Journals specialize in one or two topic areas, accept submissions about research within these topics, and use peer- review to decide which are appropriate for publication
• PsycINFO, EBSCO host, and other databases have collections of these articles that you can search to find what you need

Question 5

Internet Searches

Answer 5

• there’s a ton of stuff out there, but you need to evaluate quality carefully
  
  • use academic language to find academic sources
  • investigate the reliabbility of the sources for anything you plan to use and or site

Question 6

Google Scholar

Answer 6

• a lot like research databases, but includes the entire internet
• generally easy to use
• helpful for narrow searches where you may not find enough hits in the resarch database
• no filter for “only peer-reviewed,
  so you have to use other means to determine this

Question 7

Miligram’s Obedience Experiment (1963)

Answer 7

The shock experiment/conformity to authority

Question 8

Numerburg code of ethics

Answer 8

: after ww2, to prevent future research atrocities
- 1948
- subjects should give consent
- benefits of research outweigh risks

Question 9

Declaration of Hesinki code of ethics

Answer 9

• 1964, broader, but still mainly applicable to medicine
  
  • research with humans based on lab and animal experimentation
  • research protocols be reviewed
  • research conducted by qualified individuals

Question 10

APA Ethics Code

Answer 10

A” Beneficience and normelficience- (maximize benefits and minimize harm)
B” Fidelity and Responsibility- (foundation of trust [do what you promised])
C” Integrity- (don’t lie, cheat, or steal)
D”: Justice- fairness (everyone should have access to the benefits of research)
E” Respect people’s rights and dignity- (privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination)

Question 11

Benefits in participating in research

Answer 11

Benefits
- learning something new, or receiving help/treatment for a problem
- money, gift card, raffle prize
- benefitting from the future products of this research

Question 12

Risks

Answer 12

• physical harm
• psychological stress
• loss of confidentiality and privacy

Question 13

Systematic review/systematic literature review

Answer 13

Author used specific method for searching for past literature

Question 14

Meta analysis

Answer 14

researchers analyze the results of a number of studies using statistical procedures