14

Question 1

What is the difference between internal validity and external validity? What can we do to enhance each one? What factors weaken each one?

Answer 1

internal validity: ability 2 make strong casual inference
enhance: randomization, experimental control
external validity: ability 2 generalize
enhance: representative sampling

Question 2

Why is the pervasive use of college students in psychology research not great? In what ways do they tend to be different from the general population?

Answer 2

tend 2 be young, intelligent, too homogeneous

Question 3

According to your text, what do we generally find when we compare the results of laboratory and field experiments examining the same variables?

Answer 3

When comparing laboratory and field experiments examining the same variables, we typically find that laboratory experiments show a stronger effect size or more consistent results due to their controlled environment, while field experiments offer a more realistic representation of real-world behavior, potentially leading to weaker or more variable results

Question 4

Discuss the idea of an interaction between a participant variable, such as gender, and the independent variable under study. What does this information tell us about whether we can generalize the results?

Answer 4

An interaction between a participant variable like gender and the independent variable under study means that the effect of the independent variable differs depending on the participant’s gender, indicating that the results of the study might not generalize to the wider population unless this interaction is carefully considered and accounted for

Question 5

What is the difference between an exact replication and conceptual replication? Give an example of each. When do researchers tend to do each one, and why is each type important.

Answer 5

exact replication: samp procedures result reliable
conceptual rep:
used when there is a narrow focus of study

Question 6

If a replication of a study fails, what are some possible reasons why?

Answer 6

• og study was flawed
• rep was flawed

Question 7

Explain the difference between a literature review and a meta-analysis. Describe an example of each. What strengths does each type of summary offer, compared to the other?

Answer 7

lit review: reads # of studies on topic and writes paper summary meta analysis: combinds results of studies to draw statistical concludisons

Question 8

multiple correlation/regression

Answer 8

using multiple variables to figure another variable out

Question 9

How is f test diff from t test

Answer 9

use when you havemultiplelevelsof.iv

Question 10

chisquare

Answer 10

fornomialdata

Question 11

system variance

Answer 11

“System variance” in research methods refers to the variability in data that can be attributed to the research design itself, including factors like the experimental procedures, measurement tools, or the environment in which the study is conducted, rather than individual differences between participants or random error; essentially, it represents the inherent variability introduced by the study design itself that could affect the results.

Question 12

error variance

Answer 12

Error variance usually indicates how much random fluctuation is expected within scores