Ch 4

Question 1

Validity: (Is it true?) 4 types

Answer 1

• construct validity: does this measurement accurately represent the variable?
• internal validity: Can we draw an accurate conclusion about cause and effect?
• external validity: are these findings accurate to other populations and settings?
• statistical validity: is the conclusion we drew from analyzing our study accurate?

Question 2

construct validity

Answer 2

does this measurement accurately represent the variable?

Question 3

internal validity

Answer 3

Can we draw an accurate conclusion about cause and effect?

Question 4

ext. validity

Answer 4

are these findings accurate to other populations and settings?

Question 5

statistical validity

Answer 5

is the conclusion we drew from analyzing our study accurate?

Question 6

Variables

Answer 6

• variable= it varies (on two or more levels)

Question 7

operational defintion

Answer 7

how will you measure or manipulate the variable (is our operational definition good?)

Question 8

construct validity=

Answer 8

how well does my operational def and measurement match reality

Question 9

Relationships between variables

Answer 9

positive relationship:
- if a goes up then b goes up

negative relationship
- if a goes up then b goes down

curvilear relationship
- a and b both go up (to a certain point) then b goes down
- depicted by anything other than a straight line

No relationship
- no connection between a and b

Question 10

• correlation coefficient:

Answer 10

a numerical index of the strength of relationship between 2 variables
- the closer a numer is to 1 (+,-) the stronger the relationship, and the closer a numer is to 0 the weaker a relationship

Question 11

Reduction of Uncertainty

Answer 11

Uncertainty= random variablity
- people and events are not completely predictable
- we can reduce uncertainty if we can identify related variables

Question 12

Nonexperiemental vs. experimental methods

Answer 12

• nonexperimental method: observe variables of interest as they occur naturally
• experimental methods: directly manipulate and control one variable and then observe the response on another variable

Question 13

Nonexperimental method

Answer 13

• correlation method is a very common form
• third variable 6 (extraneous variable’)= any variable that isn’t one of the two you are trying to study the relationship between
• confounding variable= an extraneous variable that “moves with” one of the variables of interest

Question 14

Experimental method

Answer 14

– dependent variable
- experimental control
- - independent variable
- field experiment
- -internal validity
- external validity
- randomization

same variables cannot/should not be manipulated
- participant variables can only be measured, not manipulated

Question 15

experimental control

Answer 15

holding all extraneous variables constant

Question 16

randomization

Answer 16

randomly assign participants to control or experimental group, so individual differences even out

Question 17

internal validity

Answer 17

within a study, we can make a strong causal interference, because wed did a good job controlling for extraneous variables

Question 18

independent variable=

Answer 18

the one that gets manipulated by the researcher

Question 19

dependent variable

Answer 19

the one that gets measured afterword

Question 20

external validity

Answer 20

the results can be generalized to other populations and settings
- field experiment’: manipulate the IU in natural settings

Question 21

Ex post facto design

Answer 21

people are categorized into groups based on their past experiences