Ch.17 notes

Question 1

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

Answer 1

The superior part of the nasal cavity

Question 2

What are the three types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 2

Olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells

Question 3

What is the function of supporting cells?

Answer 3

Used for physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation for olfactory receptor cells

Question 4

What is the function of basal stem cells?

Answer 4

Undergo mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells

Question 5

What is the function of olfactory glands?

Answer 5

Produce mucus that is used to dissolve odor molecules so that transduction may occur

Question 6

What do olfactory glands produce?

Answer 6

mucus

Question 7

What is the pathway of the nerve impulses from the receptors to the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 7

1.Through the cribriform plate
2. synapse with the olfactory bulb,
3.impulses travel along the olfactory tract
4. interpretation in the primary olfactory area in the cerebral cortex

Question 8

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the primary olfactory area?

Answer 8

temporal lobe

Question 9

What is olfactory transduction?

Answer 9

binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein

Question 10

What are the steps in the process of olfactory transduction?

Answer 10

1. Chemical reaction involving cyclic AMP
2. cause depolarization
3. Action potential travels to the primary olfactory area
4. impulse travels to the frontal lobe for odor identification

Question 11

What are the 5 primary tastes?

Answer 11

sour, sweet, bitter, salt, and umami(meaty and savory)

Question 12

Where else are taste buds located?

Answer 12

soft plate, pharynx, and epiglottis

Question 13

What three kinds of epithelial cells are located in taste buds?

Answer 13

supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal stem cells

Question 14

What three types of papillae contain taste buds?

Answer 14

vallate, fungiform, anf foliate papillae

Question 15

What is the 4th kind of papillae that have tactile receptors but no taste buds?

Answer 15

filiform papillae

Question 16

What is the function of the filiform papillae?

Answer 16

increase friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth

Question 17

What are the accessory structure of the eyes?

Answer 17

eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles

Question 18

What are the conjunctiva?

Answer 18

is a thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eye lids and covers the sclera

Question 19

What keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other?

Answer 19

a row of sebaceous glands

Question 20

What does the lacrimal apparatus do?

Answer 20

it produces and drains tears

Question 21

What is the pathway for tears?

Answer 21

1. lacrimal glands
2. lacrimal ducts
3. lacrimal puncta
4. lacrimal canaliculi
5. lacrimal sac
6. the nasolacimal ducts that carry the tears into the nasal cavity

Question 22

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

Answer 22

• Fibrous tunic (cornea and sclera)
• vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body, and iris)
• Retina (pigmented layer and neural layer)

Question 23

What is the function of the cornea?

Answer 23

Admits and refracts light

Question 24

What is the function of a sclera?

Answer 24

Provides shape and protects inner parts

Question 25

What is the function of an iris?

Answer 25

regulated amount of light that enters eyeball

Question 26

What is the function of a ciliary body?

Answer 26

Secretes aqueous humor and alters shape of lens near or far vision

Question 27

What is the function of a choroid?

Answer 27

provides blood supply and absorbs scattered light

Question 28

What is the optic disc?

Answer 28

it is the blind spot at which the optic nerve exits the eye

Question 29

What is the macula lutea?

Answer 29

it is the exact center of the retina

Question 30

What is the fovea centralis?

Answer 30

it is the highest visual acuity

Question 31

What are the two photoreceptors in the retina?

Answer 31

rods and cones

Question 32

What are rods?

Answer 32

to see in dim light

Question 33

What are cones?

Answer 33

produce color vision

Question 34

What is refraction?

Answer 34

bends; when it passes through a transparent substance with one density into a second transparent substance with a different density

Question 35

What are the structures in the pathway from rods and cones to the primary visual area of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 35

The optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, optic radiations

Question 36

What is chiasm?

Answer 36

A crossing point of the two branches of the optic nerve, anterior to the pituitary gland

Question 37

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the primary visual area?

Answer 37

Occipital lobe

Question 38

What is binocular vision?

Answer 38

both eyes focus on only one set of objects

Question 39

What are the three regions of the ear?

Answer 39

the external ear, middle ear, and internal ear

Question 40

What is the function of the avricle?

Answer 40

captures sound

Question 41

What is the function of the external auditory canal?

Answer 41

directs sound waves to eardrum

Question 42

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

Answer 42

sound waves cause it to vibrate, which in turn causes malleus to vibrate

Question 43

What are the three auditory ossicles?

Answer 43

malleus, incus, and stapes

Question 44

What is the function of the auditory ossicles?

Answer 44

transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane to vestibular window

Question 45

What is the function of the auditory tube?

Answer 45

equalized air pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane