Ch.16 - The Endocrine System Flashcards
How does the thyroid hormone exert it’s influence (how does it enter a cell)?
Binding to receptors within the nucleus
What hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
How much of the sex hormones does the adrenal gland produce versus the gonads themselves?
Very minimal, insignificant
How does the glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
Increases glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids which increases blood pressure
How important is FSH in sperm production?
Very important. Stimulates sperm production
What regulates the secretion if ACTH?
Hypothalamus
Is the release of oxytocin an example of positive or negative feedback?
Positive feedback
Of the following, which is not a steroid-based hormone: cortisone, aldosterone, epinephrine, or estrogen?
Epinephrine
When is insulin released?
When glucose levels rise
What does GH target for growth?
Bones & muscles
What is up-regulation? Down-regulation?
Up-regulation=Target cells form more receptors in response to rising blood levels.
Down-regulation = Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations desensitizes the target cells, so they respond less vigorously.
How does the hormones produced by the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary?
Hypophyseal portal system
What is the most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations?
Aldosterone
What are the three categories of endocrine gland stimuli?
Hormonal
Humoral &
Neural
How does alcohol affect ADH?
Inhibits ADH secretion. Causing copious urine output
Why is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland not considered a true endocrine gland?
Only stores hormones released by the hypothalamus. Is a hormone storage area
What organs are affected by the thyroid hormones?
Anything dealing with the digestive system. Doesn’t affect adult brain, spleen, testes, ovaries, and thyroid gland itself
What gland helps in normal development of the immune system?
Thymus gland
How does the parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
Targets bone, breaks bone down so calcium is released
What secretes leptin?
Adipose tissue
What is the function of aldosterone?
Increase sodium reabsorption to get water back into the bloodstream. Released from mineralocorticoids of adrenal cortex
What is the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone dependent on?
Presence of receptors on cells of target tissue
What organ or gland produces corticoids?
Adrenal gland
What gland may influence our night/day cycle?
Pineal gland
What hormonal dysfunction may cause a woman to show some male-like characteristics?
Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids
What is the result of hypersecretion of GH?
Adults - acromegaly
Children - gigantism
The adenohypophysis will release what hormone in response to stress?
ACTH
What gland decreases in size as we age?
Thymus gland
What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines?
Autocrines - Targets cell that manufactures them (auto-self)
Paracrines - Targets cells surrounding them
What hormone does the alpha islet cells produce?
Glucagon
How is the heart involved as an endocrine organ?
Produces ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) to regulate salt output of kidneys
What are some symptoms of diabetes mellitus?
High glucose levels Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia (Will list symptoms for question)
What are the effects of prolactin release?
Milk production by the breasts
What are some treatments and care techniques for Cushing’s syndrome?
Removal of the cause - surgical removal of offending tumor or discontinuation of the drug. Keep sick people away - protect from infection
What would happen if catecholemines are hypersecreted? What could cause this hypersecretion?
Sweating, increased heartbeat, hyperglycemia
Cause - tumor
What could cause Addison’s disease?
Hypersecretion of aldosterone
Symptoms:
• bronzing of the skin
• low body weight
• low glucose
• dehydration
