Ch. 23 - The Digestive System

Question 0

Define digestion.

Answer 0

The breakdown of food into smaller molecules.
2 types
Mechanical = the physical processes of digestion (chewing, peristalsis, churning)
Chemical = use of enzymes to breakdown food (metabolism)

Question 1

Where is chyme created?

Answer 1

The stomach

Question 2

What are mesentaries?

Answer 2

Hold digestive tract in place.
A double layer of peritoneum, a sheet of 2 serous membranes fused back to back, that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall.

Question 3

Define chemical digestion.

Answer 3

The use of enzymes to breakdown food (metabolism)

Question 4

What secretes pepsinogen?

Answer 4

Chief cells of stomach.

Question 5

Define catabolism.

Answer 5

All processes that breakdown complex structures to simpler ones.

Question 6

What cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloride acid?

Answer 6

Parietal cells

Question 7

Define constipation. What are some possible causes of each?

Answer 7

When food remains in the colon for extended periods, too much water is absorbed and the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass.
Lack of fiber, improper bowel habits, lack of exercise, emotional upset, or laxative abuse.

Question 8

Define diarrhea. What are some possible causes of each?

Answer 8

Watery stools.
Result from any condition that rushes food residue through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficient time to absorb the remaining water, irritation of the colon by bacteria, or prolonged physical jostling of the digestive viscera.

Question 9

What is the longest portion of the small intestine?

Answer 9

The ileum ~ 3.6 m (12 ft)

Question 10

What is heartburn and what causes it?

Answer 10

The first symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The burning, radiating substernal pain that occurs when the acidic gastric juice regurgitates into the esophagus. Conditions that force abdominal contents superiorly. Eating or drinking to excess, extreme obesity, pregnancy, and running.

Question 11

What gland would be active in helping digest French fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk?

Answer 11

Pancreas

Question 12

What are peristaltic waves responsible for?

Answer 12

Propels food forward

Question 13

What type of digestion would be most affected if the liver were severely damaged?

Answer 13

Lipids

Question 14

What is the first layer of the small intestine (on the outside)?

Answer 14

Duodenum

Question 15

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins - lipase, dextrinase, amylase, trypsin?

Answer 15

Trypsin

Question 16

What is the terminal portion of the small intestine?

Answer 16

Ileum

Question 17

How is salivation controlled?

Answer 17

Autonomic nervous system

Question 18

What is bile and where is it produced? What is it’s digestive function? Where is it stored and concentrated?

Answer 18

A yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and a variety of electrolytes.
Liver
Breakdown lipids
Gallbladder

Question 19

What is another word for vomiting?

Answer 19

Emesis

Question 20

What is appendicitis? How is it treated?

Answer 20

Acute inflammation of the appendix.
Surgically remove appendix.
Causes nausea, vomiting, and severe pain.

Question 21

What is cirrhosis of the liver? Why do the changes occur?

Answer 21

Liver tissue turns to fibrous tissue. A progressive chronic inflammation of the liver that typically results from alcoholism or severe hepatitis.

Question 44

What is regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D?

Answer 44

Calcium

Question 45

What does the hepatopancreatic ampulla do?

Answer 45

Delivers bile and pancreatic juice from liver and pancreas to small intestine.

Question 46

Which of the following enzymes will help digest a meal rich in carbohydrates - trypsin, cholecystokinin, gastrin, amylase?

Answer 46

Amylase

Question 47

What are the components of saliva?

Answer 47

Largely water 97-99.5%, lysozyme, defensins, cyanide compound.

Question 48

What is alkalosis?

Answer 48

Something too alkaline, high ph, over 7

Question 49

How do you increase the surface area of the mucal lining of the small intestine?

Answer 49

Villi

also but not important - plicae circularis

Question 50

What stimulates the secretion of gastrin?

Answer 50

Carbohydrates and alcohols

Question 51

How much gastric juice is produced daily?

Answer 51

Over 1.5 L

Question 52

After chewing a piece of bread for 5-6 minutes, how would you expect it’s taste to change during this time? Why?

Answer 52

To sweet. Amylase digest starch which changes to glucose.