Ch. 27 - Reproductive Flashcards
What would happen if FSH was not released, but LH is?
No sperm or egg release, sterile
How are egg and sperm similar?
Both have 23 chromosomes
What does the secretion of progesterone stimulate?
Produces mucus layer on uterus, prepares mammary glands to lactate
What are the male secondary sex characteristics?
Appearance of body hair, deepening of voice, bones grow and increase in density, skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
List characteristics of mammary glands?
Mainly made of fat, role is to produce milk
Testes info:
Sertoli, tunica vaginalis, interstitial cells, seminiferous tubules
Sertoli - nurse cells, care for sperm
Tunica Vaginalis - testes surrounded by it
Interstitial Cells - produce testosterone
Seminiferous Tubules - produce sperm, coiled in testes
Where does fertilization occur?
Fallopian (uterine) tubes
General information about the female reproductive process.
Ovulation - usually 14 days; menstraution - due to reduction of hormones - estrogen and progesterone
What do the dartos and cremaster muscles control?
Temperature of testes
What moves the sperm cells through the ductus deferens?
Peristalsis (contractions)
Info about seminal vesicles.
Produce 60% of fluid for semen, high in fructose, shape and length of little finger, on posterior of bladder
What is the corpus luteum?
Follows ovulation, ruptured part after egg is released
What happens to the 3 polar bodies and where do they come from?
Broken down by female body. Come from meiosis
Characteristics about the male sperm.
23 chromosomes, half have X, half have Y, has mitochondria and acrosomes
Most important risk for testicular cancer in young males.
Testes don’t drop (cryptorchidism)
Functions of testosterone.
Gives male secondary sex characteristics
Explain hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.
LH released when have high estrogen levels
When does menstraution occur - hormonally?
When estrogen and progesterone decrease
Function of the uterus.
Receive and nourish fertilized egg.
What glands produce semen? How much of it is produced by each gland?
Prostate - 30%, seminal vesicles - 60%, bulbourethral glands - 5-8%
What are the effects of estrogen on the female body?
Breasts, menstraution
What are the effects of low LH on males?
Decrease testosterone
What is the duct system in males?
Ductus deferens, epididymis
What signals the corpus luteum to continue producing hormone if the oocyte is fertilized?
HCG
What portion of the endometrium remains each month?
Stratum basalis
What is a vasectomy?
Cutting of the ductus (vas) deferens
What does the midpiece of the sperm tail contain?
Mitochondria
What is the purpose of the bulbourethral glands?
Neutralize acids in vagina
What is the function of nurse cells of the testes?
Nourish newly formed sperm
What is the purpose of a Pap smear?
Look for cervical cancer cells or STDs
If a male has a low sperm count, what would you look for in determining why?
STDs, low hormone levels, tight genes
Why would a woman’s tubes be closed?
Due to STD
Describe the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle.
Cervical mucus is thick; endometrium rebuilds itself
Describe the stages of the uterine cycle.
Days 1-5: menstrual phase
- uterus sheds endometrium
- bleeding for 3-5 days
Days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
- endometrium rebuilds itself
- cervical mucus is thick and sticky, but rising estrogen levels will thin it out
Days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) phase
- most constant time wise
- increases progesterone to increase functional layer to a secretory mucosa
Characteristics about Gonorrhea.
- Bacteria - neisseria gonnorheae
- invades the mucosa of the reproductive and urinary tracts
- commonly called “the clap”
- treated with antibiotics - penicillin, tetracycline, etc
- becoming resistant
Characteristics about syphilis.
- Caused by treponema pallidum
- can be passed on by mother during delivery
- incubation period of 2-3 weeks
- if untreated pink rash appears all over body
- dissappear in 3-12 weeks
- latent period - May last a lifetime or may be killed by immune system
- treated by penicillin
Characteristics of chlamydia.
- chlamydia trachomatis
- most common due to its silence
- 20-30% of those that have gonorrhea, have chlamydia
- incubation period of 1 week
- treated with tetracycline
Characteristics of trichonomiasis.
- most common curable std
- parasitic
- easily and inexpensively treated
- yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor
- usually no symptoms
Characteristics of genital warts.
- Human papillomavirus (hpv)
- 2nd most common std
- increases chances for cancers in affected region
- can be left to treat self, or laser surgery
Characteristics of genital herpes.
- most difficult to control
- remain silent for weeks or years and then suddenly flare up
- blister like lesions - more of a nuisance than a threat
- most people don’t know it
- acyclovir speeds up healing of lesions and reduces flare up of outbreaks
