ch16 Flashcards
ferritin
protein that stores iron in the liver
pH at 6 to 7
neutral amino acid, zwittterionic form
no net charge
pH < 2
the carboxylate anion gains a proton, giving the amino acid a net positive charge (addition of a strong acid)
COO- becomes COOH
pH > 10
the ammonium cation loses a proton, giving the amino acid a net negative charge (addition of a strong base)
H3N+ becomes H2N
fibrous protein
long linear polypeptide chains
insoluble in water
provide structural support
globular protein
coiled into compact shapes water soluble (hydrophilic outer surface) ex. enzymes and transport proteins
a-Keratin
alanine and leucine
Large number of casting residues
disulfide bonds
collagen
glycine and proline
hydrogen bonding
needs vitamin C
oxidoreductases
catalyze redox reaction
transferases
catalyze transfer of a functional group to a different molecule
ex Kinase and Transaminase
Kinase
transfer of phosphate group
Transaminase
transfer of amino group
hydrolases
hydrolysis reactions, add water and break bonds
catalase
catalyze the conversion of H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide to O2 and H2O
carboxypeptidase
catalyze a particular type of reaction with a variety of substrates
carboxypeptidase
a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins, and catalyzes the hydrolysis of a specific peptide bond (@ c-terminal end)
Hydrolase’s can be subdivided into___
lipases
Lipase
catalyze the hydrolysis of the ester bonds in lipids
Protease
catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins
Cofactor
metal ion/nonprotein organic molecule needed for an enzyme reaction to occur
NAD+
cofactor that oxidizes lactate to pyruvate
Coenzyme
an organic compound that serves as an enzyme cofactor, these bind temporarily to the catalytic site
Reversible inhibitor
binds to an enzyme, but can detach and allow enzyme activity to be restored
Irreversible inhibitor
covalently binds to an enzyme and permanently destroys its activity
Noncompetitive inhibitor
bonds to the enzyme, but not the active site
A competitive inhibitor
has the shape and structure similar to the substrate, and competes with it to bind to the active site
penicillin
antibiotic that irreversible binds to the OH group of enzyme needed for the synthesis of a bacterial cell wall
(glycopeptide transpeptidase)
Antibiotic Sulfanilamide
competitive inhibitor of the enzyme needed to synthesize vitamin folic acid in bacteria.
binds to active site, preventing growth of bacteria
creatine phosphokinase
heart attack
alkaline phosphatase present
liver or bone disease
acid phosphate present
prostate cancer
amylase, lipase present in the blood
disease of pancreas
ACE inhibitors
prevent high BP by preventing ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) synthesis
enkephalins
peptides synthesized in the brain that act as painkillers and sedatives by binding to pain receptors
lysozyme
catalyzes the hydrolysis of bonds in the bacterial walls, weakening them and causing bacteria to burst
protein hydrolysis
the amide bonds in a protein form the individual amino acids that comprise the primary structure
trypsinogen to trypsin by….
enterokinase
inactive to active
intestines
protein denaturation
altering the shape of the protein without breaking the bonds that form the primary structure.
specific conditions for enzymes
pH around 7.4 and temperature of 37 degrees C
