Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ch 13-20 > Ch14 > Flashcards

Ch14 Flashcards

0
Q 
Internal processes build terrain
Reshape crustal surface of earth
Have taken place billions of years 
Effects don't work independently 
Cause earthquakes/volcanoes/ massive crustal rearrangement and operate to shape/reshape earth
A

Internal processes on landscape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q
  • Continents seemed fixed from human perspective.
  • till mid 20th century scientists believed earths continents were rigid.
  • Supercontinent beliefs
  • till recently idea not accepted
A

Rigid earth to plate tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

1915 Alfred Wegener Pangea “while land”

A

Wegener continental drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

-# of close affinities on both sides of Atlantic
-margines of SAmerica/Africa fit
Mountains in Scandinavia and British isles match Appalachian mountains
-mesosaurus both sides of Atlantic
Similar fossilized plants s America India Antarctica and Australia
- vast distributional coincidences

A

Supporting evidence Wegeners continental drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paleontology supports continental drift
Glaciated continents reconstructed make sense
Continents fit
Similar geologic feature on diff continent coasts

A

Extra evidence for Wegeners continental drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

1) crust was “too rigid” I permit large scale motions, how could solid rock plow solid rock ?
2) Wegener didn’t offer suitable mechanism that could displace large masses for a long journey

A

Why the theory was ignored and impossible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plate boundaries
Sea floor spreading
Paleomagnetism
Convection and plate tectonics

A

Evidence of plate tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vast abyssal plains if undersea volcanoes

A

Seamounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Theory proposing that Mid-ocean ridges are formed by currents of deep seated magma rising up from the mantle. (Often during Volcanic eruptions) creating new basaltic ocean floor (crust regions) that spreads away laterally from the ridge and creating the newest crust

A

Sea floor spreading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This process explains trenches. It is the sight where old crust descends and then is melted. These ocean trenches contain the oldest crust. Older lithosphere descends into asthenosphere in “” where it is “recycled” into the convective cycle that operates in earth.

A

Subduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Earthquakes occur along this line

Correspond w/ locations of trenches and ridges on sea floor

A

Plate boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Iron on cooled magma orients itself w/the magnetic poles & provides record of past magnetic fields
  • sea floor has a relative symmetrical pattern of magnetic orientation in both sides of ridges, indicating it has spread laterally by addition of new crust.
  • used to find age of ocean floor (sea floor spreading)
  • magnetic field has reversed more than 170 times
A

Paleomagnetism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Verification of “” by paleomagnetism and ocean floor core sampling

A

Seafloor spreading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Core holes drilled in the ocean show that Sediment age/thickness increase with distance from ridges.

A

Ocean floor cores/core sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ocean floor cores proved Wegener wrong because both continents AND The “” are drifting by sea floor spreading

A

Lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

-Theory behind the motion of lithosphere plates
- plates float on asthenosphere
- 7 major plates
- 7 intermediate
- 12 smaller
Plates are being subducted
Framework relates wide range of internal processes and topographic patterns.

A

Plate tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Slow convection in earths mantle

- convection can push plates away from each other

A

Driving plate tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

-Divergent boundaries
-Subduction zones
-Collision of India w/Eurasia
-Transform faults and boundaries
All evidence of

A

Plate boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 types of plate boundaries are

A

Converge toward
Diverge from
Slide laterally past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Plates move away from each other because Magma from asthenosphere wells up in between plates. Plutonic solidifies below. Represented by mist common, “mid ocean ridge” but also occurs within continent “continental Rift Valley” associated with shallow earthquakes and volcanic activity. “Constructive” because adds material to crust surface .

A

Divergence boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sea floor spreading is also known as

A

Divergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Associated with 2 Plates colliding
“Destructive” normal type associated with one plate being subducted but showing crumpling at the edges where they meet. Removal or compression of crust.
Responsible for massive landforms
Mountain ranges/volcanoes/oceanic trenches.
3 types

A

Convergence boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three types

A

Ocean- cont convergence
Ocean -ocean convergence
Cont-cont convergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The “” under rides the “” because its denser, which makes it sink into the asthenosphere through “subduction” . Usually Creates oceanic trench and coastal mountains. Accompanied by earthquakes along margins and volcanos along plates. -metamorphic rocks form. “Blue schist”

A

Ocean -continental convergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Creates oceanic trench and volcanoes on ocean floor which initiate volcanic islands. ex(aleutians in Japan) Subduction in undersea trench formation -deep shallow earthquakes

A

Ocean ocean convergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

No subduction, crust is too buoyant. Causing Huge mountains like alps build up -Himalayas /volcanoes are rare- but shallow-focus earthquakes & regional metamorphism is common.

A

Cont-cont convergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

2 plates slip past each other laterally in a fault structure. “conservative”movement is parallel to the boundary -nor created new nor destroyed old crust. Associated with a great deal of seismic activity. San Andreas fault. produce shallow focus earthquakes.

A

Transform boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Plate boundaries exist all around this “” basin. Primarily subduction zones.75% volcanoes all along plate boundaries/earthquakes. Home to millions. Mex. city. Tokyo. La. Largest metropolitan regions.

A

Pacific ring of fire. Pacific rim.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Location where molten mantle Magma rises to, or almost to, earths surface. locations near but not on plate boundaries. (Not volcanoes) Nearly 50+ identified. The cause is unknown but creates volcanos and hydrothermal (hot water) features.

A

Hot spots (mantle plumes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Localized hot area not associated w/ plate boundaries.
Move w/ the plate eventually become inactive
Hot spot trail
Cause if Hawaiian islands looking like mushrooms. Research indicates they are more complex than recently observed. -seismic tomography suggests some “” may be shallow and others mobile.

A

Mantle plumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Small to medium mass of lithosphere that is too buoyant to be subducted so instead fuzes (accretes- grows together-adheres) to a plate. often very diff. from the plate. bound on all sides by faults. Ex. Most of Alaska, W Canada. & West U.S, are a mosaic of accreted “”

A

Terranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • Mid cont. mtns. Range formation (Appalachians)
  • # of plates and their sizes have changed over earth history.
  • why are there earthquakes in middle of continental plates.
  • why are plates diff sizes
  • why do they form where they do?
A

Plate tectonic remaining questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

term refers to all phenomena connected w/the origin and movement of magma from earths interior to or near the surface. An internal process directly associated with tectonic movement. THREE TYPES

A

Vulcanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When molten magma expels onto surface while still molten

A

Extrusive vOlcanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When magma solidifies in shallow crust near surface

A

Intrusive volcanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Magma solidifies deep inside earth Far below the surface

A

Plutonic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Molten mineral material below surface extruded as lava

A

Magma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Rock fragments solidified lava blobs ashes and dust gas and steam may be hurled up in extraordinary quantities

A

Pyro clastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

3/4 volcanic activity undersea

Activity Associated w/ plate boundaries

A

Volcano distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Nature of volcanic eruptions apparently determined largely by the chemistry of magma that feeds it. Strength of surface/pressure of magma as well.

A

Magma chemistry & styles of eruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Felsic, granite

A

High silica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Andesite dionite

A

Intermediate silica

42
Q

Mafic basalt

A

Low silica

43
Q

Temp. Features on landscape
Much of earths water originated from water vapor of volcanic eruptions its magma produces major elements for plant growth and fertility

A

Volcanic activity

44
Q

Parallel flow to surface solidifies horizontally resembles strata of sedimentary streams flowing through lava cause an irregular fragmented surface . Form a hexagonal surface when cooled

A

Lava flow

45
Q

Most of worlds extensive lava flows are from fissures/hot spots
-vast accumulations of lava that build up layer upon layer upon massive punts of ground.

A

Flood basalt

46
Q

Basaltic lava flows over surrounding surface. Forms broad low lying gentle slope layer upon layer of solidified lava flows w/ little pyro clastic material.

A

Shield volcanoes

47
Q

Emit higher silica “intermediate” lavas “andesite” symmetrical cone steep sided “strata volcanoes” steepness builds up by layers of ejected pyroclasts Held together by solidified lava flow pyroclastics and hardened mudflow 12000ft

A

Composite volcanoes.

48
Q

Also called “ plug domes” masses of viscous lava high silica too thick /pasty to flow far. grows by expansion below and within. 2000ft. Irregular shape. Plug of lava covered by pyroclastics within crater of composite volcano

A

Lava dome

49
Q

Smallest volcanic peaks. Basaltic most common. Steep Cone shapes built by pyroclastics ejected from volcanic vent. Size of particles determines slope steepness. Loose = Ash -small cinders & -larger 1500ft

A

Cinder comes

50
Q

Produces when volcano explodes , collapses, or both. -immense basin shaped. Depression generally circular. Later diameter than original vents. Can become lakes.

A

Calderas.

51
Q

Small sharp spire that rises abruptly above surrounding land and represents pipe/throat of old volcano. Filled with solidified lava after final eruption.

A

Volcano necks

52
Q

Uphold -anticline
Downfold-syncline
Compressional
Stress. Rock must be hot

A

Folding

53
Q

Caused by tensional stress ?
Compressional?
Shear stress?

A

Normal fault
Reverse fault
Strike slip fault
All cold

54
Q

Through water vapor >acid rain that harms vegetation and causes corrosion. Droplets reflect incoming solar radiation that alters global weather and reduces insolation

A

Volcanic gases

55
Q

Rare cause of life loss. +property damage. + speed/distance dependent on viscosity which depends in silica content.

(Low silica basaltic= fluid/fast)
(High silica andesite=thick/short distance down slope)

  • viscosity rhyollitic lava barely squeezes out and bulges up in lava dome.
  • no danger only in explosion it’s a hazard
A

Lava flow

56
Q

Composite volcanoes/lava domes-violent ejection of pyro clastic material & gases. ?

Large solid rocks “bombs” drop immediately. Smaller ash/dust form enormous ?

Where ash may fall in quantities and can damage crops and cause buildings to collapse

A

Eruption column and eruption clouds

57
Q

High speed avalanche at collapse of lava domes or rapid subsidence of eruption column fat speed avalanche of gases ash rock fragments am may disable aircraft engines

A

Pyroclastic flows

58
Q

Composite volcanic hazards -loose mantle of ash and pyroclastic flow deposits on slope of volcanoes can be mobilized by heavy twin /melting of snow & glaciers during eruption

A

Volcanic mudflows (lahar)

59
Q

Poking at historical eruptions and evidence to map out potential paths of pyroclatsic flows and lahars.
Tilt-meters to measure slope change in earthquake
Remote cameras ) time scale

A

Monitoring volcanic mudflows

60
Q

Rock pushed upward before or after solidification and may change the surface shape

A

Igneous intrusion

61
Q

Refers to intrusive igneous bodies of any size

A

Plutons

62
Q

Rising magma makes room for itself by this or working upward “ore removal.

A

Stoping

63
Q

Largest most amorphous intrusion enormous subterranean size. 100kilometer surface -core of mountain ranges

A

Batholiths

64
Q

Similar but smaller igneous intrusion of indefinite depth

A

Stocks

65
Q

Slow flowing viscous Felix magma forces between horizontal layers of preexisting rock. Builds into mushroom type overlying strata . Many are small some are so large they form the core of hills and mountains similar to batholiths

A

Laccoliths

66
Q

Long thin intrusive body orientation determined by structure of preexisting rocks builds when magma basalt is forced between strata that are in place results in horizontal igneous sheet between horizontal sedimentary layers

A

Sills

67
Q

Most wide spread of intrusive forms. Narrow. Formed by intrusion of vertical sheet of magma into preexisting rock. Erosion resistant.

A

Dikes

68
Q

Least prominent among igneous intrusions. Widespread. Occur individually/in profusion. Thin formed when’s gems forced through small fractures on preexisting rocks also by melting from upward surge of magma. Generally vertical.

A

Veins

69
Q

Deformation of earth crust

A

Tectonism/ diastrophism

70
Q

Term refers to the deformation of earths crust, implies that the material is solid not molten TWO TYPES (whose separation is not always discrete or clear)

A

Diastrophism

71
Q 
The bending of crustal rocks by compression or uplift with great pressure & stress being applied for long periods. Varies from centimeters to 10's of kilometers. From simple symmetrical, to complex asymmetrical features. 
Types of "":
Mono cline 
Anticline
Syncline 
Overturn fold 
Overthrust fold
A

Folding -(1st type if diastrophism)

72
Q
  • a simple symmetrical upfold

- a simple downfold

A

Anticline

Syncline

73
Q

Breaking apart of rock structures with Accompanying displacement. (Vertical horizontal or both) Crust moves-one or two sides break. Can vary (slow or sudden) (centimeters to 20-30ft.)(sudden slippage) up to hundreds of kilometers horizontally and 10’s of kilometers vertically(over millions of yrs) -usually related to earthquakes

A

Faulting

74
Q

along zone of weakness in crust is called?

intersection of zone w/earth surface is called?

A

Fault zone

Fault line

75
Q

The Result of tension stresses pulling apart or extending crust. Produces steeply inclined Fault plain & Fault scarp. One side pushed up, or “upthrown, other side down thrown. Displacement mostly vertical. Produces Horst and graben

A

Normal fault 1st type of fault

76
Q

Fault produced from Compression stress. upthrown rises steeply above down thrown,(causing fault scarp to be severely over steepened if erosion didn’t act to smooth the slope) results in landslides. Displacement mostly vertical.

A

Reverse faults 2nd type of fault

77
Q

Compression forces upward block to override the down thrown at low angle , complicated in structure

A

Thrust fault /overthrust fault 3rd type of fault

78
Q

Horizontal fault produced by shearing stress with adjacent blocks being displaced laterally relative to each other.

A

Strike slip fault 4th type of fault.

79
Q

Steep cliff formed by faulting, represents the edge of a vertically displaced block- one of the prominent topographic features that marks a fault line

A

Fault scarps

80
Q

These landforms are associated with what type of fault?
Tilted fault block mountains
Horst &
Graben & rift valleys

A

Landforms associated w/ normal faulting

81
Q

Mountain formed under certain conditions of Crustal stress where a fault block may be severely faulted and upthrown only on one side causing asymmetrical tilting producing a steep stope along fault scarp and gentle slope on other side of block

A

Tilted fault block mountain

82
Q

An Uplift block of land between 2 parallel faults. land on both sides. down thrown produces mountain or plateau

A

Horst

83
Q

Block of land bounded by parallel faults in which the block has been downthrown. Produces a distinctive structural valley with a straight steep sides fault scarp on either side.

A

Graben

84
Q 
Linear fault stream 
Shutter ridge&
Sag ponds &
Offset stream 
Landforms associated with
A

Strike slip faulting

85
Q

Surface trace of a large strike slip fault is marked by a linear fault trough or valley formed by repeated movement and fracturing of rock within fault zone

A

Strike slip faulting

86
Q

Pond formed by the collection of water from springs or runoff into sunken grounds. a Depression filled with water - results from the jostling of earth in the area if fault movement

A

Sag ponds

87
Q

Stream across fault displaced by periodic fault movement or diverted when shutter ridge Is faulted in front of drainage channel. “Offset drainage channel;perhaps most conspicuous landform produced by strike slip faulting.

A

Offset stream

88
Q

Vibration in earth produced by shock waves resulting in a sudden displacement along a fault

A

Earthquake

89
Q

Energy released in an earthquake that travels outward in widening circles. moves through earth in seismic waves that originate at the “focus” which is the center of earthquake

A

Earthquake waves

90
Q

The strongest shocks & greatest crust vibrations felt on the ground right above the focus”of earthquake is called..

A

Epicenter

91
Q

Fastest moving earthquake waves, move through earth like sound waves.alternately compressing and relaxing the material they pass through. 1st to be felt initial jolt followed by strong side to side and up and down shearing motion, of slower moving S waves “body waves”. Who are also strong side to side and up and down “shearing” motion. Third wave after S does “rolling” motion.

A

P waves

92
Q

Instrument used to record earthquakes. can pinpoint earthquake focus w/great precision by measuring lag time between p and S waves

A

Seismographs

93
Q

Relative amount of energy released during an earthquake. calculated in “logarithmic scale” so there’s an energy energy increase from one magnitude to the next if about 32 times.

A

Magnitude

94
Q

A scale for earthquake magnitudes. devised be CA seismaologist Charles F. Ritcher 1935 to describe the amt. of energy released in a single earthquake. Most commonly quoted earthquakes magnitude of 7 or higher.

A

Richter scale

95
Q

Shaking intensity» moment magnitude (most commonly used to describe large earthquakes) & the most widely used intensity scale “” that assigns the strength of local shaking based on observed effects and damage.

A

The modified mercalli intensity scale

96
Q

Ground shaking causes most damage. but generally diminishes from distance of epicenter. Loose unstable soils amplify the shake.

When loose water, saturated sediments turn fluid it results in subsidence, fracturing, and horizontal sliding of the ground surface. -liquefaction -landslides

Very long sea waves generated by submarine earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. -tsunamis.

A

Earthquake hazards

97
Q

=isostasy
=Plasticity
=Pangea

A

Theories of plate tectonics

98
Q

Maintenance of hydrostatic equilibrium of earths crust. Basically where material is added crust will sink but will rise when material is removed.

A

Isostasy

99
Q

Theory of continental drift proposes that continents were originally all connected but broke up and are still drifting apart so will continue to change position. The “” was the massive supercontinent that Alfred wegener postulated to have existed about 250,000,000 yrs ago. Evidence includes a # of close affinities of geologic features on bothe sides of Atlantic and the continental margins of sub equatorial portions of Africa and South America fit together

A

Pangea

100
Q

Theory that our earth is not cemented in place but continues to move

A

Plasticity

101
Q

Oceans have a continuous system of large ridges located some distance from continents often mid ocean. Deep trenches occur at many places in the ocean floors often around margins of ocean basins. This is evidence of

A

Plate tectonics

102
Q

Displaces streams flowing across a fault.

A

Shutter ridge

103
Q

A valley marking a strike slip fault, occurs by repeated movement and fracturing of rock.

A

Linear fault trough.

Ch 13-20 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions