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Anatomy: Exam 3 > Ch.13 Notes/HW questions > Flashcards

Ch.13 Notes/HW questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A

-processes reflexes
-integrate EPSP and IPSP
-conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors

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2
Q

What are the three types of protection of the spinal cord?

A

-bone (vertebrae)
-connective tissue (meninges)
-fluid (cerebrospinal fluid)

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura meter
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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4
Q

What is the outer layer?

A

Dura meter

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5
Q

Which is the middle layer?

A

arachnoid layer

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6
Q

Which is the inner layer?

A

Pia mater

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7
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Are thickenings of the pia mater

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8
Q

What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?

A

Protect the spinal cord against sudden displacement that could result in shock

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9
Q

What structure contains cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid space

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10
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

It begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata

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11
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

It ends at the second lumbar vertebrae

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12
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

It is the taper inferior portion of the spinal cord, which arises the filum terminate and cauda equina

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13
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

an extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly

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14
Q

Where are the interneurons?

A

in the posterior gray horns

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15
Q

Which neurons are afferent?

A

sensory neurons

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16
Q

Which neurons are efferent?

A

motor neurons

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17
Q

What is the connective tissue covering of a whole nerve?

A

epinerium

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18
Q

What is the connective tissue covering of a fasicle?

A

perineurium

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19
Q

What is the connective tissue covering of an axon?

A

endoneurium

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20
Q

Why is a spinal nerve classified as a mixed nerve?

A

because the spinal nerve contains posterior roots which contain sensory axons and the anterior root which contains motor axons

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21
Q

What does the spinal cord do to help maintain homeostasis?

A

It must propagate nerve impulses and integrate information

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22
Q

What do the white matter tracts in the spinal cord do?

A

Conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain

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23
Q

What does the gray matter in the spinal cord do?

A

It receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes

24
Q

What is a reflex?

A

It is a fast, involuntary, unplanned response to a particular stimulus, and it helps maintain homeostasis

25
What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?
1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integrating center 4. motor neuron 5. effector
26
What is the function of a sensory receptor?
It responds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential
27
What is the function of a sensory neuron?
Axon's conduct impulses from the receptor to the integrating center
28
What is the function of the integrating center?
One of more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons
29
What is the function of a motor neuron?
Axon's conduct impulses form the integrating center to the effector
30
What is the function of an effector?
Muscles or glands that responds to motor impulses
31
What is the function of a stretch reflex?
causes contraction of a muscle that has been stretched
32
What is the function of a tendon reflex?
causes relaxation of the muscle attached to the stimulated tendon
33
What is the function of the flexor withdrawal reflex?
causes withdrawal of a limb to avoid injury or pain
34
What is the function of a crossed extensor reflex?
maintains balance during a withdrawal reflex
35
What is the difference in somatic reflex arc and an autonomic reflex arc?
- Somatic reflex: involves contraction of skeletal muscle -autonomic reflex: are generally not consciously perceived, they involved responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
36
Which structure listed contains cerebrospinal fluid?
Subarachnoid space
37
If these structures were severed, the nerve impulses from pain and stretch receptors would not reach the spinal cord.
posterior root of spinal nerves
38
Which layer of protective connective tissue covers a nerve and fuses with the outer menix layer?
epineurium
39
What parts of a neuron within a nerve is/are wrapped in a protective endoneurium?
myelinated axon and unmyelinated axon
40
Sensory information travels to brain via
ascending tracts
41
A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to enter the integrating center?
posterior root of spinal nerve
42
lists the connective tissue coverings of the axons, fascicles, and entire nerve in the correct order
endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium
43
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc can be monosynaptic or polysynaptic?
Integrating center
44
Spinal nerve C8 exists between which two vertebrae:
C7 and T1
45
Which of the following are sensory tracts:
anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns
46
The white matter of the spinal cord :
located around the outside of the cord
47
Which of the following extends along the entire length of the spinal cord to protect the spinal cord against sudden displacement?
denticulate ligament
48
The physician using a diagnostic probe stimulates the skin in the plantar surface of a patient, but the patient does not feel the sensation. Which nerves are probably damaged?
S1
49
In responds to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes:
contraction of the effector muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle
50
Within a nerve, axons are bundles into
Fascicles
51
Sensory and motor tracts within the spinal cord
have names that indicated the location of the initiation and termination of the nerve impulses they conduct
52
Which of the following is the sequence of the transmission of signals of a reflex arc
sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector
53
The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the:
conus medullaris
54
Spinal nervers are:
-Part of the PNS -connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effectors in all parts of the body -are named according to the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge -are mixed nerves
55
Which statement best describes reciprocal innervation:
relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist

Anatomy: Exam 3 (10 decks)

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