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Anatomy: Exam 3 > Ch.13 Notes/HW questions > Flashcards

Ch.13 Notes/HW questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A

-processes reflexes
-integrate EPSP and IPSP
-conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors

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2
Q

What are the three types of protection of the spinal cord?

A

-bone (vertebrae)
-connective tissue (meninges)
-fluid (cerebrospinal fluid)

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura meter
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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4
Q

What is the outer layer?

A

Dura meter

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5
Q

Which is the middle layer?

A

arachnoid layer

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6
Q

Which is the inner layer?

A

Pia mater

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7
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Are thickenings of the pia mater

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8
Q

What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?

A

Protect the spinal cord against sudden displacement that could result in shock

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9
Q

What structure contains cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid space

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10
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

It begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata

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11
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

It ends at the second lumbar vertebrae

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12
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

It is the taper inferior portion of the spinal cord, which arises the filum terminate and cauda equina

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13
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

an extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly

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14
Q

Where are the interneurons?

A

in the posterior gray horns

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15
Q

Which neurons are afferent?

A

sensory neurons

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16
Q

Which neurons are efferent?

A

motor neurons

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17
Q

What is the connective tissue covering of a whole nerve?

A

epinerium

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18
Q

What is the connective tissue covering of a fasicle?

A

perineurium

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19
Q

What is the connective tissue covering of an axon?

A

endoneurium

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20
Q

Why is a spinal nerve classified as a mixed nerve?

A

because the spinal nerve contains posterior roots which contain sensory axons and the anterior root which contains motor axons

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21
Q

What does the spinal cord do to help maintain homeostasis?

A

It must propagate nerve impulses and integrate information

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22
Q

What do the white matter tracts in the spinal cord do?

A

Conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain

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23
Q

What does the gray matter in the spinal cord do?

A

It receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes

24
Q

What is a reflex?

A

It is a fast, involuntary, unplanned response to a particular stimulus, and it helps maintain homeostasis

25
Q

What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integrating center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
26
Q

What is the function of a sensory receptor?

A

It responds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential

27
Q

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

A

Axon’s conduct impulses from the receptor to the integrating center

28
Q

What is the function of the integrating center?

A

One of more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons

29
Q

What is the function of a motor neuron?

A

Axon’s conduct impulses form the integrating center to the effector

30
Q

What is the function of an effector?

A

Muscles or glands that responds to motor impulses

31
Q

What is the function of a stretch reflex?

A

causes contraction of a muscle that has been stretched

32
Q

What is the function of a tendon reflex?

A

causes relaxation of the muscle attached to the stimulated tendon

33
Q

What is the function of the flexor withdrawal reflex?

A

causes withdrawal of a limb to avoid injury or pain

34
Q

What is the function of a crossed extensor reflex?

A

maintains balance during a withdrawal reflex

35
Q

What is the difference in somatic reflex arc and an autonomic reflex arc?

A
  • Somatic reflex: involves contraction of skeletal muscle
    -autonomic reflex: are generally not consciously perceived, they involved responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
36
Q

Which structure listed contains cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid space

37
Q

If these structures were severed, the nerve impulses from pain and stretch receptors would not reach the spinal cord.

A

posterior root of spinal nerves

38
Q

Which layer of protective connective tissue covers a nerve and fuses with the outer menix layer?

A

epineurium

39
Q

What parts of a neuron within a nerve is/are wrapped in a protective endoneurium?

A

myelinated axon and unmyelinated axon

40
Q

Sensory information travels to brain via

A

ascending tracts

41
Q

A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to enter the integrating center?

A

posterior root of spinal nerve

42
Q

lists the connective tissue coverings of the axons, fascicles, and entire nerve in the correct order

A

endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium

43
Q

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc can be monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

A

Integrating center

44
Q

Spinal nerve C8 exists between which two vertebrae:

A

C7 and T1

45
Q

Which of the following are sensory tracts:

A

anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns

46
Q

The white matter of the spinal cord :

A

located around the outside of the cord

47
Q

Which of the following extends along the entire length of the spinal cord to protect the spinal cord against sudden displacement?

A

denticulate ligament

48
Q

The physician using a diagnostic probe stimulates the skin in the plantar surface of a patient, but the patient does not feel the sensation. Which nerves are probably damaged?

A

S1

49
Q

In responds to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes:

A

contraction of the effector muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

50
Q

Within a nerve, axons are bundles into

A

Fascicles

51
Q

Sensory and motor tracts within the spinal cord

A

have names that indicated the location of the initiation and termination of the nerve impulses they conduct

52
Q

Which of the following is the sequence of the transmission of signals of a reflex arc

A

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector

53
Q

The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the:

A

conus medullaris

54
Q

Spinal nervers are:

A

-Part of the PNS
-connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effectors in all parts of the body
-are named according to the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge
-are mixed nerves

55
Q

Which statement best describes reciprocal innervation:

A

relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist

Anatomy: Exam 3 (10 decks)

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