Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy: Exam 3 > Ch.12 Notes/HW questions > Flashcards

Ch.12 Notes/HW questions Flashcards

1
Q

The difference in electrical charges on either side of the cell membrane results in what is referred to as

A

membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which type of central nervous system tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells?

A

gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All of the following statements are true for which type of cell?

A

Polarized cell’s: has a charge imbalance across its membrane, includes most cells of the body, and exhibits membrane potential inside which is more negative relative to outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Na/K -ATP is considered to be an electrogenic pump because

A

it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When the threshold of voltage-gated channels is reached and voltage-gates channels open, the resulting change in membrane potential is known as

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A depolarizing graded potential

A

makes the membrane less polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Saltatory conduction is describes as

A

current passes through a myelinated axon only at the nodes of the ranvier, current occurs at faster rates, voltage-grated channels are concentrated in unmyelinated regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A

electrical synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

An excitatory neurotransmitter ____ the postsynaptic membrane

A

depolarizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A

remove a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A postsynaptic neuron responds to acetylcholine neurotransmitter by creating

A

either EPSP or IPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hearing your cell phone ringing in a quiet lecture hall is an example of which nervous system functions?

A

sensory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body

A

bipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When graded potential summates to threshold at the axon hillock…

A

voltage-graded Na+ channels open rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of these allows more potassium to exit the neuron and helps maintaining the resting membrane potential?

A

leak channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If three depolarizing graded potentials and two hyper polarizing graded potentials occur in a dendrite at the same instant, what is the summation of their potentials equivalent to?

A

one depolarizing graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The nervous system:

A

-works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis
-communicates with the body via action potentials
-is responsible for perceptions and behaviors
-initiates voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The generation of a graded potential is by:

A

the momentary opening of mechanically-gates or ligand-gates channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The dendrites of a neuron:

A

are the main receiving region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Typically graded potentials occur in the…

A

dendrites and cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The synapse consists of

A

presynaptic and post synaptic cell membranes separated by a synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which is NOT part of the central nervous system?

A

spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which is NOT true about the central nervous system?

A

it includes sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which is NOT a function of a neuroglial cell?
to generate graded potentials
26
What are the two main divisions?
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
27
what are the subdivisions?
sensory and motor neurons
28
How are they related to each other?
through the peripheral nervous system
29
How is their function related?
Sensory neurons brings signals into the CNS and motor neurons carry signals out of the CNS
30
What is the difference between the somatic senses and the special senses?
-Somatic senses: detect touch, pain pressure, temperature, and tension on the skin and internal organs. -Special senses: detect taste, smell, hearing and sight.
31
What is the difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
-Somatic nervous system: has sensory and motor pathways -Autonomic nervous system: only has motor pathways
32
What type of neurons make up the central nervous system?
motor neurons
33
What type of neurons make up the peripheral nervous system?
Sensory and motor neurons
34
What are the 3 different functional divisions of the PNS?
Sensory, motor, and autonomic
35
What type of effectors are innervated by the somatic nervous system?
skeletal muscles and glands
36
What type of effectors are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
37
What is the function of the enteric nervous system?
- helps regulate the activity of the smooth muscle and glands of the digestive canal - they communicate and are regulated by the other branches of the ANS
38
What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?
Dendrites, cell body, and axon
39
What is in the cell body?
Cytoplasm, cell organelles, nucleus, and Nissl’s organ
40
What is the function of Nissle bodies?
Synthesis and segregation of proteins -regenerate damaged axons
41
What is the function of dendrites?
Receiving input portions of a neuron
42
What is the function of axons?
Responsible for electrical impulses from the neurons and travel away to be received by other neurons
43
What is the function of the myelin sheath in the Schwann cells?
Each Schwann cell comprises a single myelin sheath on an axon, therefore numerous Schwann cells required myelinated the length of an axon
44
What are synaptic end bulbs and what are their functions?
- contains synaptic vesicles which are filled with neurotransmitters -When a nerve impulse travels down the axon and reaches the end bulb the neurotransmitter is released into a small space
45
What is a nerve fiber?
is a portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
46
What are the 3 types of neurons based on number of processes from the cell body?
multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar
47
What are the 3 types of neurons based on the function of processes from the cell body?
sensory, motor, and inter
48
Where are multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons often located?
- Multipolar: brain and spinal cord - Bipolar Neurons: In the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and the olfactory area of the brain - Unipolar: In the ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves
49
Where are Purkinje cells located?
in the cerebellum
50
Where are pyramidal cells located?
In the cerebral cortex of the brain
51
Which types of neuroglia are in the CNS?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
52
Which types of neuroglia are in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
53
Which neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
54
Which neuroglia produce myelin sheaths?
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
55
Which neuroglia help maintain the appropriate chemical environment for neurons to generate electrical impulses?
Astrocytes
56
Which neuroglia functions as phagocytes?
Microglial
57
Which neuroglia provide structural support?
Satellite cells
58
What makes white matter lighter in color?
The myelin gives the white matter its name
59
What makes gray matter the gray color?
The Nissle bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in these areas
60
How are gray and white matter distributed in the brain?
In the brain, a thin, superficial shell of gray matter covers the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres
61
How are gray and white matter distributed in the spinal cord?
In the spinal cord, gray matter forms an H-shaped inner core that is surrounded by white matter
62
What is a membrane potential?
It is an electrical potential difference (voltage) across the membrane
63
What is a resting membrane potential?
Voltage of excitable cells
64
What are the four types of ion channels in neurons?
1. leak channels 2. ligand-gates channels 3. mechanically gated channels 4. voltage-gated channels
65
What is a polarized cell?
A cell that exhibits a membrane potential
66
What type of ion channels are in the cell body and dendrite membrane?
Leak channels and ligand-gated channel
67
What type of ion channels are in the axon membrane?
voltage-gated channel
68
What is a threshold?
A nerve impulse occurs in the membrane of the axon of a neuron when depolarization reaches a certain level
69
What is depolarization?
Opening of Na+ channels allows inflow of Na+
70
What is hyper polarization?
Is when the membrane potential becomes more negative and thus even farther from the threshold than its resting state
71
What is the all-or-none principle?
If a stimulus is strong enough to generate an action potential, the impulse generated is of a constant size
72
Why is the threshold important in an action potential?
- Different neurons may have different thresholds to generate an action potential - The generation of a nerve impulse depends on whether a particular stimulus is able to bring the membrane potential to threshold
73
What is happening to the sodium and potassium gates in the other stages of the action potential?
During the depolarization stage, 3 sodium gates are going into the the ganglia, and 2 potassium gates are leaving the ganglia .
74
What are some factors that affect the speed of propagation?
- amount of myelination - axon diameter - temperature
75
What is a synapse?
The site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effecter cell
76
What are two kinds of synapses?
electrical and chemical.
77
Which type of synapse is faster?
electrical
78
Which type of synapse allows for two-way conduction of signals?
electrical
79
Which synapse uses neurotransmitters?
chemical
80
What is an EPSP?
A depolarizing postsynaptic potential
81
What is an IPSP?
A hyper polarizing postsynaptic potential
82
What is summation?
The process by which graded potentials add together
83
What is spatial summation?
The summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at different locations in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell at the same time.
84
What is temporal summation?
Is summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at the same location in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell but at different times.
85
What are the 3 possible outcomes of summation?
Depolarizing, repolarizing, and hyperpolarize
86
How is the neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?
diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells (neurons and neuroglia).
87
What are some reasons why neurons in the CNS have little or no ability to regenerate?
- Inhibitory influences from neuroglia, particularly oligodendrocytes -Absence of growth-stimulating cues that were present during fetal development - Rapid formation of scar tissue
88
What are the conditions under which repair is possible in the PNS?
If the cell body is intact, Schwann cells are functional, and scar tissue formation does not occur too rapidly

Anatomy: Exam 3 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions