Ch13 - Circulatory System

Question 1

Circulatory system

Answer 1

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

Question 2

Functions of circulatory system

Answer 2

Supply food, oxygen and hormones to cells
Supply antibodies
Remove waste products from cells
Regulate body temperature

Question 3

Normal changes of aging to circulatory system

Answer 3

Less efficient heart
Decreased blood flow
Narrowed blood vessels

Question 4

Hypertension

Answer 4

High blood pressure, regularly measuring 130/80 or above

Question 5

Atherosclerosis

Answer 5

A hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels

Question 6

Hypotension

Answer 6

Low blood pressure, regularly measuring 90/60 or below

Question 7

Treatments for hypertension

Answer 7

Antihypertensive drugs lower blood pressure
Diuretics reduce the amount of fluid in the body
Calcium channel blockers relax the heart and blood vessels to lower blood pressure (names ending in -pine)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) block chemicals that cause blood pressure to rise (names ending in -pril, -sartan)
Beta blockers block another chemical that causes blood pressure to rise (names ending in -olol)

Question 8

Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 8

High cholesterol

Question 9

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 9

Condition caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries

Question 10

Angina

Answer 10

Chest pain, pressure, or discomfort

Question 11

Treatments for hypercholesterolemia

Answer 11

Statins most commonly used to control cholesterol levels
Ezetimibe prevents cholesterol from being absorbed in small intestine
Bile acid seqestrants disrupt body’s fat-absorbing process
Fibrates decrease triglycerides
Niacin can decrease triglycerides and LDL cholesterol

Question 12

Treatments for coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 12

Statins usually prescribed at higher doses for CAD than for high cholesterol
ACE inhibitors block chemicals that cause blood pressure to rise
Antiplatelet agents prevent gathering of platelets (clots)

Question 13

Treatments for angina

Answer 13

Nitroclycerin (NTG) sublingually as a tablet or spray, transdermally as a patch
Antihypertensives (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
Ranolazine relaxes the heart muscle

Question 14

Treatments for myocardial infarction (MI)

Answer 14

Acute phase: aspirin, oxygen, nitroglycerin, and morphine during hospital treatment
Low-dose aspirin (81 mg) after a heart attack as preventative
Beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, antiplatelet agents, statins may all be prescribed
NSAIDs may NOT be given to a resident who has had MI due to risk of cardiac incidents and stroke

Question 15

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Answer 15

A condition in which the heart muscle is damaged and is no longer able to pump effectively

Question 16

Dysrhythmia

Answer 16

Difficult or abnormal heart rhythm, sometimes called arrhythmia

Question 17

Treatment for congestive heart failure (CHF)

Answer 17

Diuretics reduce fluid in body (including a stronger class called loop diuretics)
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and beta blockers may be prescribed
Vasodilators dilate (widen) blood vessels to help heart pump blood more efficiently
Digoxin strengthens and regulates the heartbeat

Question 18

Treatments for dysrhythmias

Answer 18

Antiarrhythmic agents help the heart beat with a more regular rate and rhythm (digoxin, amiodarone)
Antihypertensives can regulate heart rate/rhythm (calcium channel blockers, beta blockers)

Question 19

Iron-deficiency anemia

Answer 19

Condition in which the blood has too few red blood cells or too little hemoglobin

Question 20

Thrombophlebitis

Answer 20

Inflammation of a vein caused by a blood clot

Question 21

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 21

Condition in which a blood clot forms deep under the skin, usually in the legs

Question 22

Treatments for iron-deficiency anemia

Answer 22

Intravenous iron infusion in severe cases
Oral iron (take with vitamin C to improve absorption; cannot be taken with high fiber foods)

Question 23

Treatments for superficial thrombophlebitis

Answer 23

Compression bandages or stockings compress the affected body part
Pain and discomfort can be managed with NSAIDs or acetaminophen
Antibiotic may be required if infection develops

Question 24

Treatments for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 24

Anticoagulants help prevent blood clots
Heparin for initial treatment, usually by IV or subcutaneous injection
Warfarin (coumadin) is a vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant - residents taking this must avoid green leafy vegetables and other vitamin K sources