Ch.12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or

A

cell division

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2
Q

What do all organisms and cells have in common

A

All organisms are composed of cells

Cells reproduce themselves

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3
Q

division of one cell reproduces the entire organism

A

unicellular organisms

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4
Q

Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for:

A

Development
Growth/Repair
Asexual reproduction

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5
Q

the division of the nucleus

A

mitosis

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6
Q

the division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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7
Q

What must be divided perfectly during mitosis, and Why?

A

chromosomes, so that it resembles the parent cell perfectly

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8
Q

All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cell’s _________; can consist of a single DNA molecule (common in prokaryotic cells) or a number of DNA molecules (common in eukaryotic cells)

A

genome

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9
Q

(body cells) have two sets of chromosomes (Diploid=2n)

A

Somatic Cells

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10
Q

(sperm and eggs) have only one set of chromosomes (Haploid=n)

A

Gametes

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11
Q

When cells are not dividing the DNA is in the form of _________; DNA and protein that are uncondensed and functional

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

In preparation for cell division, what occurs

A

DNA must be replicated and the chromosomes formed

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13
Q

Each duplicated chromosome has

A

two sister chromatids (must separate)

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14
Q

The __________ is the narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached

A

centromere

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15
Q

The cell cycle consists of

A
Mitotic phase (mitosis & cytokinesis)
Interphase (cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division)
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16
Q

Interphase:

A
about 90% of the cell cycle) can be divided into subphases:	
G1 phase (“first gap”)
S phase (“synthesis”) Where DNA is replicated
G2 phase (“second gap”)
17
Q

Mitosis is conventionally divided into five phases:

A
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
18
Q

an apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

A

mitotic spindle

19
Q

During prophase, assembly of spindle microtubules begins in the ___________; it replicates, forming two XXXXXX that migrate to opposite ends of the cell, as spindle microtubules grow out from them

A

centrosome

20
Q

What happens in ANAPHASE

A

sister chromatids separate and move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell
The microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends

21
Q

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage, forming a

A

cleavage form

22
Q

In plant cells, a _____ _____ forms during cytokinesis

A

cell plate

23
Q

The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct____ ______ _____, which is similar to a clock; regulated by both internal and external controls. clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

A

cell cycle control system

24
Q

The checkpoints are

A

G1, G2, & M

25
Q

checkpoint seems to be the most important one

If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide

A

G1

26
Q

If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing state called the

A

G0 phase

27
Q

Type of cells do not respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms

A

cancer cells

28
Q

Cancer cells may not need growth factors to grow and divide:

A

They may make their own growth factor
They may convey a growth factor’s signal without the presence of the growth factor
They may have an abnormal cell cycle control system

29
Q

A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell by a process called

A

transformation

30
Q

masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue

A

tumors

31
Q

If abnormal cells remain at the original site, the lump is called a

A

benign tumor

32
Q

invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body

A

malignant tumor