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Biology > Ch,6: Cells > Flashcards

Ch,6: Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basic features of all cells

A

plasma membrane
ribosomes
cytoplasm
DNA

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2
Q

two types of cells exist

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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3
Q

Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells

A

3 billion years

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells include

A

protist, helminths, fungi, algae

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5
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotic cells

A 
No nucleus
DNA is found in a region, the nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm consists of cytosol and all the organelles
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6
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A

DNA in a nucleus defined by a nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm is the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

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7
Q

Difference between animal cells and plants cells

A

animal cell has lysosomes, centrioles, no cell wall

Plants cell wall has cellulose, chloroplast, central vacuole

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8
Q

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

A

plasma membrane

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9
Q

Makes up more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells
Membranous structure, made up of membranes
Reticulating goes back and forth.Makes up half of the total membrane in Eukaryotic cells. ALWAYS CONNECTED TO THE NUCLEUS.
The XXXX is continuous with the nuclear envelope

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Two types of ER

A

rough and smooth

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11
Q

Functions of Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies poison
Stores calcium

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12
Q

Function of Rough ER

A

Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
Distributes transport vesicles
Produces membranes

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13
Q

contains most of the cell’s DNA and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

A

nucleus

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14
Q

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

Formed by the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

nuclear envelope

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15
Q

In the nucleus, DNA and proteins form genetic material called XXXX
XXXXXX condenses during cell division to form discrete chromosomes

A

chromatin

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16
Q

particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein

A

ribosomes

17
Q

Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations:

A

In the cytosol (free ribosomes)

On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum (bound ribosomes)

18
Q

consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae (storage)
Will become transport vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

19
Q

function of Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

20
Q

is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest molecules also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules

A

lysosome

21
Q

occurs when a cells engulf particles (cellular eating)

A

phagocytosis

22
Q

(self-eating)

A

autophagy

23
Q

are formed by phagocytosis

A

food vacuoles

24
Q

found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

A

contractile vacuole

25
Q

found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

A

central vacuole

26
Q

are the sites of cellular respiration (vacuole)
They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane “cristae”
Surface area to occur

A

mitochondria

27
Q

The inner membrane creates two compartments:

A

inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix

28
Q

is a large surface area for production of ATP

A

Cristae

29
Q

The chloroplast is a member of a family of organelles called contain the green pigment chlorophyll and enzymes that function in photosynthesis (ABSORB)

A

plastids

30
Q

Chloroplast structure includes

A

Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum (less likely of chance to miss absorbing the light/energy)
Stroma, the internal fluid

31
Q

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles

A

cytoskeleton

32
Q

Cytoskeleton is composed of three types of molecular structures:

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

33
Q

In many cells, microtubules grow out from a XXXXXX near the nucleus

A

centrosome (area)

34
Q

In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of XXXXX, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

A

centrioles

35
Q

distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have XXXXX
Protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
Made of cellulose fibers and proteins

A

cell walls

36
Q

are channels that perforate plant cell walls (pathways from one cytoplasm to another)
Through XXXXX, water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell

A

plasmodesmata

Biology (17 decks)

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