Ch,6: Cells Flashcards
Basic features of all cells
plasma membrane
ribosomes
cytoplasm
DNA
two types of cells exist
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells
3 billion years
Eukaryotic cells include
protist, helminths, fungi, algae
Characteristics of Prokaryotic cells
No nucleus DNA is found in a region, the nucleoid No membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane Cytoplasm consists of cytosol and all the organelles
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells
DNA in a nucleus defined by a nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm is the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Difference between animal cells and plants cells
animal cell has lysosomes, centrioles, no cell wall
Plants cell wall has cellulose, chloroplast, central vacuole
a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
plasma membrane
Makes up more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells
Membranous structure, made up of membranes
Reticulating goes back and forth.Makes up half of the total membrane in Eukaryotic cells. ALWAYS CONNECTED TO THE NUCLEUS.
The XXXX is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Two types of ER
rough and smooth
Functions of Smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies poison
Stores calcium
Function of Rough ER
Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
Distributes transport vesicles
Produces membranes
contains most of the cell’s DNA and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
nucleus
encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
Formed by the Endoplasmic Reticulum
nuclear envelope
In the nucleus, DNA and proteins form genetic material called XXXX
XXXXXX condenses during cell division to form discrete chromosomes
chromatin
particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
ribosomes
Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations:
In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum (bound ribosomes)
consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae (storage)
Will become transport vesicles
Golgi apparatus
function of Golgi apparatus
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest molecules also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules
lysosome
occurs when a cells engulf particles (cellular eating)
phagocytosis
(self-eating)
autophagy
are formed by phagocytosis
food vacuoles
found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells
contractile vacuole
found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water
central vacuole
are the sites of cellular respiration (vacuole)
They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane “cristae”
Surface area to occur
mitochondria
The inner membrane creates two compartments:
inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix
is a large surface area for production of ATP
Cristae
The chloroplast is a member of a family of organelles called contain the green pigment chlorophyll and enzymes that function in photosynthesis (ABSORB)
plastids
Chloroplast structure includes
Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum (less likely of chance to miss absorbing the light/energy)
Stroma, the internal fluid
a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles
cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton is composed of three types of molecular structures:
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
In many cells, microtubules grow out from a XXXXXX near the nucleus
centrosome (area)
In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of XXXXX, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring
centrioles
distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have XXXXX
Protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
Made of cellulose fibers and proteins
cell walls
are channels that perforate plant cell walls (pathways from one cytoplasm to another)
Through XXXXX, water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell
plasmodesmata
