Ch.12-Interactions among organisms: Predation Flashcards
0
Q
Predation
A
always results in mortality of prey
1
Q
Exploitation
A
an interaction between species that enhances the fitness of the exploiting individual while reducing the fitness of the exploited individual
2
Q
Herbivory and Parasitism
A
Do not always results in death of prey
3
Q
Lethal Effects(Effects of predation on prey)
A
interaction causes mortality through direct interaction
~can drive natural selection->adaptations to avoid predators
4
Q
Non-Lethal effects(effects of predation on prey)
A
interaction or presence of predator results in a change in prey
~3 types of changes:
1:Physical
2: Behavioral
3: Life history change
5
Q
Physical Changes
A
- Coloration: Chameleons, cephalopods (background matching)
- Shape: Shell thickness in gastropods, # spines on acacia, tail depth/length in tadpoles
- Chemical: Increased silica in grass, phenolic compounds in plants
6
Q
Behavioral Changes
A
- Change in activity: Lizards, tadpoles, sea snakes remaining in refuges
- Behavioral Crypsis: Deer, tadpoles
- Depth Choice: Daphnia, snails crawl out of water
7
Q
Life History Changes
A
- Change in growth rate: Many fishe increase growth rates to combat gape-limited predators
- Emergence/hatching time: tadpoles hatch early if nest is attacked
8
Q
Evolutionary arms race
A
- Exploitative interactions are evolutionarily dynamic
- The victim evolves defenses to help avoid or limit the effects or occurrence of exploitation
- The exploiter evolves in ways to continue its ability to exploit other individuals
9
Q
Lotka-Volterra predator-prey equations assumptions
A
- Victim’s growth limited only by predation
- predator only feeds on victim population (specialist)
- predators can consume an infinite number of individuals
- predators and victims encounter each other randomly in a homogeneous environment (no refuges or behavior)
