Ch12

Question 1

There are several ways in which relationships between variables can be described. explain

Answer 1

presence
direction
strength of association
type

Question 2

Presence

Answer 2

tells us whether a consistent and systematic relationship exists

Question 3

direction

Answer 3

tells us whether the relationship is positive or negative

Question 4

strength of association

Answer 4

tells us whether we have a weak or strong relationship

Question 5

What type of relationship does strengh of association have ?

Answer 5

linear or nonlinear

Question 6

what defines linear?

Answer 6

As long as the amount of change stays constant over the range of both variables

Question 7

Curvilinear

Answer 7

relationships between two variables that change in strength or direction as the values of the variables change

Question 8

What do covariation and association attempt to do?

Answer 8

they try to quantify the strength of the relationship between 2 variables

Question 9

covariation

Answer 9

the amount of change in 1 variable that is constantly related to change in another one

Question 10

degree of association

Answer 10

numerical measure of strength of the relationship between 2 variables

Question 11

what type of relationship do association and covariation have?

Answer 11

linear relationship

Question 12

Pearson correlation

Answer 12

the measure of linear association between two variables of interest

Question 13

when should pearson correlation be used ?

Answer 13

when both variables are measured on an interval or ratio scale

Question 14

when should spearman correlation be used ?

Answer 14

when one or more variable are measured on an ordinal scale (rank)

Question 15

what is regression analysis useful for?

Answer 15

answering questions about the strength of a linear relationship between a dependent and 1 or more independent variables

Question 16

What do the results of regression analysis indicate ?

Answer 16

The amount of change in the dependent variable that’s associated with a one-unit change in the independent variable

Question 17

what does structural modeling enable researchers to do?

Answer 17

analyze complex multivariate models

Question 18

what is the most appropriate structural model method ?

Answer 18

partial least squares (PLS)

Question 19

what is the PLS method

Answer 19

it’s an extension of ordinary least squares multiple regression

Question 20

what’s the goal of partial least square? PLS

Answer 20

maximize the variance explained in the dependent variable (s)

Question 21

advantage of partial least square (PLS)

Answer 21

• ability to examine structural models with 3 or more stages
• to include constructs measured with several questions
• analyze data with non-normal distributions
• obtain solutions with smaller sizes

Question 22

statistical significance

Answer 22

about whether something is real or just a fluke in data

Question 23

practical significance

Answer 23

whether the significant difference : result actually matters in real world