ch12

Question 1

any behaviour that has the goal of helping another person.

Answer 1

prosocial behaviour

Question 2

helping without expectation of personal gain

Answer 2

altruism

Question 3

– the idea that we’re more likely to help those we are genetically related to

Answer 3

kinship selection

Question 4

the ability to understand other people’s perspectives and respond emotionally to other people’s experiences

Answer 4

empathy

Question 5

a personality factor that describes the extent to which a person’s willingness to help depends on larger moral standards rather than the person’s needs and the expected consequences for him or her of helping

Answer 5

moral reasoning

Question 6

a model that describes helping behaviour as a function of five distinct steps.

Answer 6

decision‐making process model

Question 7

the belief that other people present in a situation will assume responsibility, which contributes to the bystander effect.

Answer 7

diffusion of responsibility

Question 8

the situation whereby people are less likely to help in emergency situations when there are other people present than if the person who could help is alone, resulting in a decreased likelihood of help being given

Answer 8

bystander effect

Question 9

a model that describes helping behaviour as caused in part by the physiological arousal that people experience when they see someone in need of help and in part by their calculation of the costs and rewards of providing such help.

Answer 9

arousal/cost‐reward model

Question 10

when people are in a good mood, they are more likely to help.

Answer 10

good mood effect

Question 11

the hypothesis that people who live in urban areas are constantly exposed to stimulation, which in turn leads them to decrease their awareness of their environment.

Answer 11

urban overload hypothesis

Question 12

the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will help that person even if we incur a cost in doing so.

Answer 12

empathy‐altruism hypothesis

Question 13

a hypothesis that people are motivated to help others in order to relieve their own negative feelings.

Answer 13

negative‐state relief hypothesis

Question 14

the idea that we should help those who are in need of assistance, because they will then help us in the future.

Answer 14

norm of reciprocity

Question 15

the idea that we have an obligation to help those who are in need of assistance.

Answer 15

norm of social responsibility

Question 16

a relationship in which people desire and expect strict reciprocity

Answer 16

exchange relationship

Question 17

the theory that our self-concept can be threatened if someone performs better than us on a task that is relevant to our sense of esteem.

Answer 17

self‐evaluation maintenance model