Ch.11 - Self and Personality Flashcards
Children develop cognitive competence and vocabulary required to describe themselves at
19-30 months
2 year olds display satisfaction at achieving
A challenging task
By middle childhood, self-concept becomes more
Complex and organised; group identity over absolute terms
By adolescence, self concept becomes more
Abstract
False self-projection is commonly
Experimented with by adolescents
False self-projections are less common in
Well supported adolescents
Self esteem drops
Globally after late childhood
Reasons for adolescent self esteem dropping includes
Body satisfaction, peer group changes, academic challenges
Higher SE predicts
Better performance and vice versa
An indication that infants have a self concept is
The chalky-nose test (sig at 15 months, 100% at 24 months)
Adolescent egocentrism describes
An inability to separate self feelings from how others feel about them
Erik Erikson proposed a theory of
Psychosocial development
Identity diffusion is characterised by
Feelings of inertia, ‘moving through molasses’
Identity diffusion is due to feeling like
‘They’re not quite somebody’
Forming a reasonably coherent sense of self is a scaffolding with five steps:
1) trust vs mistrust, 2) autonomy, 3) exploration initiative, 4) sense of achievement, 5) adequate personal identity
What are the four items in Marcia’s identity status model?
Achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, diffusion
ID achievement is when people have
Explored alternatives, committed to a coherent and consistent ID
ID moratorium is when people are
Actively exploring roles, haven’t committed
ID foreclosure is when
ID is selected by an authority figure such as parents or Hitler Youth
ID diffusion is when
People have not engaged in identity formation
Psychodynamic theory holds three components of self:
Id, ego and superego
Id is primarily driven to
Satisfy biological needs and impulses
Ego is the
Rational diversion of impulses in order to meet needs
Superego is the
Moral and ethical component of personality
Freud believed that conflicts between the components of self lead to
Fixation; developmental blockage
Social cognitive theory believes that learning occurs through
Observation; imitation and modeling (Bandura)
What are the four conditions present for effective modeling?
Attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation
Many traits have been identified but there are five main categories of traits:
Neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experiences, agreeableness and conscientiousness
What’s a good example of differences in culture that affect personality?
Individualists and collectivists
The question is not ‘is’ there personality change in adulthood, but
‘Who’ changes and ‘what’ predicts that change?
