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CSCS (Exercise Science section) > ch11 - performance-enhancing substances and methods > Flashcards

ch11 - performance-enhancing substances and methods Flashcards

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1
Q

FDA definition of drug?

A

substances that change the body’s structure or function; if a compound is administered differently from the way in which foods would be consumed

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2
Q

definition of a dietary supplement?

A

highly refined products that would not be confused with a food; may not have any positive nutritional value, hence not nutritional supplements (carb loading is considered sport nutrition, as is a tablet of amino acid, but the tablet is considered a dietary supplement)

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3
Q

what points define which products can be sold as dietary supplements in the United States?

A
  1. A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: (1) a vitamin (2) a mineral (3) an herb or other botanical (4) an amino acid (5) a dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake (6) a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any ingredient identified in the aforementioned – 2. The product must also be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal or diet.
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4
Q

what claims are attributed to arginine supplementation?

A

elevate nitric oxide levels, increase muscle blood flow, and improve exercise performance – but no evidence supporting this

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5
Q

why would nitric oxide levels be important for performane?

A

its effects on vasodilation (i.e., the widening of blood vessels); during exercise, nitric oxide levels are naturally increased so that more blood can flow through the arteries and arterioles for the purpose of delivering oxygen and fuel substrates to the working skeletal muscles

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6
Q

most common adverse reactions to higher doses of arginine?

A

gastrointestinal distress consistent with nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea

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7
Q

effects of HMB?

A

stimulates protein synthesis and decreases protein breakdown by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Due to HMB’s role in the regulation of protein breakdown, it may be an effective supplement for minimizing losses of lean muscle mass in situations that promote a catabolic state.

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8
Q

dosage of HMB?

A

3 to 6 g per day; most effective when an adequate training stimulus is provided, usually high-intensity, high-volume resistance training program

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9
Q

creatine dosing?

A

20 to 25 g daily for five days, or 0.3 g/ kg body mass if an individual wishes to dose relative to body weight, followed by a maintenance dose of 2 g/day; dosing without 20+g loading will take longer (~30 days vs. 5 days), and muscle creatine levels will remain elevated as long as the maintenance dose is maintained (2 g/day or 0.03 g/kg body mass per day). muscle creatine returns to normal after cessation in 4 weeks. users won’t notice benefits until 28-84 days

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10
Q

how long supplementing creatine for training adaptations to occur?

A

28-84 days

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11
Q

benefits of increased creatine content within muscle?

A

better intracellular osmotic gradient, causing water to fill the cell, and increased creatine content of muscle = increased rate of muscle contractile protein synthesis

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12
Q

benefits of citrus aurantium?

A

mild stimulant that when combined with caffeine is thought to contribute to appetite suppression and increased metabolic rate and lipolysis

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13
Q

Synephrine, a known active component of citrus aurantium, is thought to do what?

A

interact with b-3 receptors to increase lipolysis; has been shown to stimulate peripheral a-1 receptors, resulting in vasoconstriction and elevations in blood pressure

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14
Q

summary of benefit from reworkout energy drinks?

A

effective for increasing resistance training volume performance and endurance performance, but not ergogenic in their ability to improve anaerobic exercise (high-intensity cycling and speed/agility performance)

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15
Q

ephedrine — more effective at aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic, not as effective for anaerobic

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16
Q

summary of citrus aurantium?

A

when combined with caffeine and other herbal products, improvements in exercise time to fatigue (a measure of endurance) have been reported

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17
Q

NCAA banned drug classes: stimulants?

A

amphetamine (Adderall), caffeine (guarana), cocaine, ephedrine, fenfluramine (Fen), methamphetamine, methylphenidate (Ritalin), phentermine (Phen), synephrine (bitter orange), methylhexaneamine, “bath salts” (mephedrone)

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18
Q

NCAA allowed stimulants?

A

phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine.

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19
Q

NCAA banned drug classes: anabolic agents?

A

androstenedione, boldenone, clenbuterol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), epi-trenbolone, etiocholanolone, methasterone, methandienone, nandrolone, norandrostenedione, stanozolol, stenbolone, testosterone, trenbolone

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20
Q

NCAA banned drug classes: alcohol and beta-blockers?

A

(banned for rifle only) alcohol, atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, pindolol, propranolol, timolol

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21
Q

NCAA banned drug classes: diuretics and other masking agents?

A

bumetanide, chlorothiazide, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, probenecid, spironolactone (canrenone), triameterene, trichlormethiazide

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22
Q

NCAA banned drug classes: street drugs?

A

heroin, marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., spice, K2, JWH-018, JWH-073)

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23
Q

NCAA banned drug classes: peptide hormones and analogues?

A

growth hormone (hGH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), erythropoietin (EPO)

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24
Q

NCAA banned drug classes: anti-estrogens?

A

anastrozole, tamoxifen, formestane, 3,17-dioxo-etiochol-1,4,6-triene (ATD)

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25
Q

NCAA banned drug classes: beta-2 agonists?

A

bambuterol, formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol

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26
Q

percent of male admitted high school seniors using steroids?

A

7%, and 1/3 (2.3%) weren’t in a school-sponsored sport / were using for primarily appearance

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27
Q

what demographic is most likely to get serious illnesses associated with steroids?

A

almost exclusively bodybuilders, rarely others

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28
Q

percent of steroid users experiencing increased irritability/aggressiveness

A

nearly 60%

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29
Q

hepatic side effects?

A

increased risk of liver tumors and liver damage

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30
Q

biological activity of testosterone for androstenedione and DHEA?

A

1/5th and 1/10th respectively

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31
Q

where is HCG obtained from?

A

the placenta of pregnant women; very closely related in structure and function to luteinizing hormone

32
Q

insulin is secreted where and how?

A

by the pancreas, in response to elevated glucose and specific amino acid (e.g., leucine) concentrations

33
Q

main HGH side effect?

A

acromegaly; widening of the bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, and metabolic abnormalities

34
Q

adverse side effects for HGH abuse?

A

diabetes in prone individuals; cardiovascular dysfunction; muscle, joint, and bone pain; hypertension; abnormal growth of organs; and accelerated osteoarthritis

35
Q

autologous and homologous blood doping?

A

autologous blood doping = transfusion of one’s own blood, which has been stored (refrigerated or frozen); homologous blood doping = transfusion of blood that has been taken from another person with the same blood type

36
Q

natural EPO?

A

increases in response to chronic aerobic endurance exercise

37
Q

when is EPO warranted?

A

in certain types of anemia, especially in kidney patients with inadequate EPO production

38
Q

kind of differences EPO users can expect?

A

44.5% to 50% hematocrit; hemoglobin by 10%; aerobic capacity between 6% and 8%; time to exhaustion by up to 17%

39
Q

risks of EPO?

A

increases in red blood cell number increase blood viscosity (the thickening of the blood); poses several problems that include increased risk of blood clotting, elevations in systolic blood pressure, stroke, and cerebral or pulmonary embolism

40
Q

b-Agonists were originally developed for?

A

treatment of asthma and life-threatening medical conditions.

41
Q

how do athletes dose clen?

A

twice the recommended amounts administered for clinical purposes, in a cyclic fashion (three weeks on / three weeks off, with a two-days-on, two-days-off cycle during the “on” week); believed that this cycling regimen avoids b2-receptor downregulation

42
Q

side effects of clenbuterol?

A

transient tachycardia, hyperthermia, tremors, dizziness, palpitations, and insomnia

43
Q

b-Blockers?

A

drugs that block the b- adrenergic receptors, preventing the catecholamines (i.e., norepinephrine and epinephrine) from binding

44
Q

b-Blockers prescribed for?

A

treatment of a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension; athletes who rely on steady, controlled movements during performance (i.e., archers or marksmen) benefit

45
Q

b-blockers may improve physiological adaptations how?

A

from aerobic endurance training by causing an upregulation of b-receptors (would result in an exaggerated response to sympathetic discharge during intense exercise upon cessation of supplementation)

46
Q

dosing of b-blockers for shooting accuracy?

A

80mg of oxprenolol shot faster and more accurately than 40mg

47
Q

sports where beta blockers won’t help?

A

sports where some anxiety is important; sports where maximal heart rate and oxygen consumption are important (blockers = increased rate of exertion)

48
Q

risks of b-blockers?

A

bronchospasm, heart failure, prolonged hypoglycemia, bradycardia, heart block, intermittent claudication

49
Q

effects of EAA+sugar shake?

A

when consumed 30 min pre-workout, 150% greater anabolic response than if consumed post-workout

50
Q

why is leucine important?

A

rate-limiting factor in terms of maximizing muscle protein synthesis, directly activates the Akt/ mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle

51
Q

arginine significance?

A

required for the synthesis of protein and creatine, and its metabolism results in the production of nitric oxide

52
Q

what are the muscle buffering capacity aids?

A

b-Alanine, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate

53
Q

in muscle cells, beta alanine is the rate-limiting substrate for what?

A

carnosine synthesis

54
Q

why is carnosine significant?

A

estimated to contribute up to 40% of the skeletal MBC of H+ produced during intense anaerobic exercise, thus encouraging a drop in pH. theoretically, increasing skeletal muscle carnosine levels through chronic training or b-alanine supplementation (or both) would improve MBC and most likely improve anaerobic performance

55
Q

improvements with b-alanine?

A

anaerobic threshold is improved with b-alanine; not maximal strength, nor aerobic power

56
Q

practical implications of anaerobic threshold w/ b-alanine?

A

improving anaerobic threshold means that endurance activities can be performed at relatively higher intensities for longer periods

57
Q

b-alanine ingestion is capable of improving performance in what exercises?

A

those resulting in an extreme intramuscular acidotic environment, such as multiple bouts of high-intensity exercises lasting more than 60 seconds, as well as single bouts undertaken when fatigue is already present

58
Q

b-alanine dosijng?

A

2.4 to 6.4 g per day; total daily amount of b-alanine ingestion was divided into two to four smaller doses to prevent paresthesia (tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person’s skin); these symptoms disappear within approximately 1 hour

59
Q

what kind of activities will sodium bicarbonate improve?

A

short bouts of high-intensity exercise lasting 60 seconds to 6 minutes

60
Q

what kind of dosing for sodium bicarbonate?

A

0.3 g/kg body mass 60 to 90 minutes before the bout of exercise

61
Q

dosing of sodium citrate?

A

0.4g/kg to 0.6g/kg – even this can cause gastro distress

62
Q

biological function of l-carnitine?

A

synthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine and responsible for the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy (but supplementing to increase lipid oxidation doesn’t work)

63
Q

proposed benefits from L-carnitine?

A

may enhance recovery from exercise. decreases in pain and muscle damage, decreases in markers of metabolic stress, and enhanced recovery (thought to enhance blood flow regulation through an enhanced vasodilatory effect that reduces the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoxia)

64
Q

dosing of L-carnitine?

A

up to 3g daily

65
Q

creatine origin?

A

nitrogenous organic compound, synthesized naturally in the the liver; can also be synthesized in smaller amounts in kidneys and pancreas (arginine, glycine, and methionine are precursors)

66
Q

where is creatine stored?

A

98% within skeletal muscle; smaller amounts in the heart, brain, and testes

67
Q

how much does creatine supplementation increase creatine content of muscles?

A

20%

68
Q

primary ergogenic effect attributed to caffeine supplementation?

A

enhanced power production.

69
Q

mechanism of caffeine’s enhanced power production?

A

thought to be the result of enhanced excitation-contraction coupling, affecting neuromuscular transmission and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum; also thought to enhance the kinetics of glycolytic regulatory enzymes such as phosphorylase

70
Q

effects of caffeine on aerobic endurance?

A

thought to prolong aerobic endurance exercise (21-minute improvement in the time to exhaustion)

71
Q

what doses of caffeine produce ergogenic effect?

A

3mg/kg to 9 mg/kg (equivalent to approximately 1.5 to 3.5 cups of automatic drip coffee in a 70 kg / 154-pound person), 60 min before exercise; no benefit is seen beyond 9mg/kg

72
Q

caffeine in pills/drinks vs in food?

A

greater when caffeine is ingested in tablet form; when it is provided in a food source such as coffee, the ergogenic benefit for aerobic endurance exercise may not be seen

73
Q

side effects associated with caffeine?

A

anxiety, gastrointestinal disturbances, restlessness, insomnia, tremors, and heart arrhythmias (withdrawals: headache, fatigue, dysphoric mood, difficulty concentrating, and flu-like somatic symptom)

74
Q

side effects of ephedrine?

A

vomiting and nausea

75
Q

why are conceptions of arginine false?

A

it’s not effective for inducing nitric oxide or muscle blood flow in healthy individuals; does not appear to have any effect on improving endurance performance in healthy populations

CSCS (Exercise Science section) (14 decks)

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