Ch.10, Attraction

Question 1

Williams, Ostracism Study

Answer 1

When need to belong is thwarted by acts of excluding/ignoring
Ostracism has worse effects on children than bullying
Ostracized people show deficits in brain mechanisms that inhibit unwanted behavior

Question 2

Cyberostracism

Answer 2

Cyberostracism: ostracism on social media, occurs when you feel ignored on social media,

Question 3

Friendship and Attraction: Proximity

Answer 3

Proximity: powerful predictor of whether any two people will become friends
Proximity can also bring hostility, but usually prompts liking

Question 4

Anticipatory Liking:

Answer 4

expecting that someone will be pleasant and compatible; increases the chance of a rewarding friendship

Question 5

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 5

Familiarity fosters fondness
People prefer things they have seen more frequently
Violates the common-sense myth of boredom: decreased interest with exposure
Mere exposure effects even occur when people have received the stimuli previously without awareness

Question 6

Zajonc and Instant Emotions

Answer 6

amygdala acts before cortex
Emotions are often more instant than thinking
Emotions are semi-independent of thinking: affect may precede cognition

Question 7

When does physical appearance matter less in dating

Answer 7

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE MATTER LESS AMONG COUPLES WHO WERE FRIENDS BEFORE THEY STARTED DATING

Question 8

Physical-Attractiveness Stereotype:

Answer 8

People tend to select people who are similar to their level of intelligence, popularity and self-worth
Physical-Attractiveness Stereotype: what is beautiful is good

Question 9

Evolution and Attraction

Answer 9

Beauty signals higher fertility; this is found to be true

Question 10

Social Comparisons and attractiveness

Answer 10

After we see someone unattractive, we rate ourselves as more attractive and vice versa

Question 11

False Consensus Bias:

Answer 11

assume others share our attitudes
We tend to see those we like as being like us
Attitude alignment helps promote and sustain close relationships

Question 12

Cultural racism

Question 13

Complementarity:

Answer 13

may evolve as a relationship progresses, how opposites complement each other, yet most people tend to gravitate toward people similar to them

Question 14

Ingratiation:

Answer 14

when someone gives us a compliment but it is really just self-serving to themselves?

Question 15

Self esteem and self-fulfilling prophecies in relationships

Answer 15

People with low self-esteem tend to underestimate how much potential partners will like and accept them, then they act as less outgoing and warm than people with high self esteem (kind of brings about a self-fulfilling prophecy effect)

Question 16

Reward Theory of Attraction

Answer 16

those who reward us, or whom we associate rewards with, we like
Conditioning creates positive feelings towards things and people linked with rewarding events
Proximity is rewarding: lives close by
Others have similar opinions = we feel rewarded because we presume they like us in return
We like those who like us

Question 17

Difference between passionate and compassionate love

Answer 17

Passionate: Functions on testosterone, dopamine, adrenaline
Compassionate: Functions on oxytocin and attachment

Question 18

Vassopressin

Answer 18

Genes associated with vasopressin activity predicts marital stability; vasopressin produces good feelings

Question 19

Attachment styles and internal working models, causes of attachment styles

Answer 19

Secure attachment: distress when leaves, run to mother when comes back, then relax
Avoidant: doesn’t care
Anxious attachment: distress when leaving, be indifferent or hostile when comes back
Internal Working Models: characteristic ways of thinking about relationships from young age
THERE IS INTERGENERATIONAL CONSISTENCY OF ATTACHMENT STYLES
MAY BE PARTIALLY BASED IN INHERITED TEMPERAMENT

Question 20

EQUITY Principle of Attraction pg. 376

Answer 20

What you and your partner get out of a relationship should be proportional to what you each put into it
Long term equity
Those who perceive that they are in an equitable relationship are typically content
Those who perceive more inequity are less happy

Question 21

Self-Disclosure/ Disclosure Reciprocity effect

Answer 21

Free to open up about ourselves without fear of losing the other’s affection
Self disclosure in general is correlated with being happier
Disclosure Reciprocity Effect: disclosure begets disclosure, we reveal more to those who have been open with us

Question 22

Passive vs active responses to relational distress

Answer 22

Passive Responses to relational distress: loyalty by awaiting improvement and neglect by ignoring partner
Active Responses to relational distress: voice, seek to improve relationship or exit and end relationship

Question 23

Two factor theory of emotion

Answer 23

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that in a romantic context, arousal from any source, even painful experiences, can be steered into passion.

Question 24

Communal Relationships:

Answer 24

giving and receiving is based on the principle of need, you expect these relationships to be longterm, relationship where you feel special responsibility for the wellbeing of that person; Family members, romantic partners, friends

Question 25

Exchange relationships

Answer 25

Exchange Relationships: no responsibility for the wellbeing of that person, based on RECIPROCITY and equity, not expected to be longterm in nature, relationships health and needs interactions, business interactions

Question 26

Equity Theory vs equality

Answer 26

feeling psychologically that you have when you are psychologically interpreting how things are going in a relationship and evaluating the inputs and outs of that relationship between you and the other person (ITS AN EQUATION WHERE THE BALANCE COMPLETELY RESIDES IN THE RATIO)
NOT maximizing the benefits
We proportionally have the benefits to the costs that the relationship comes with
NOT equality: you don’t get the same outputs out of the relationship as the other person; you can get more out of it, which is fine if you put more in yourself, ratio should be proportional on either side but numbers dont have to be the same

Question 27

Westgate West Housing Study and proximity

Answer 27

students randomly assigned to residences, asked which students they socialize the most with, every student that responded said that two of these people lived in their building and at least one of those people was living next door to them

Question 28

Primary School Classroom Study, proximity and friendships

Answer 28

students randomly assigned seating, boys who sat together were much more likely to be friends and same with girls, boy and girl sitting next to each other are not very likely to be friends

Question 29

Homophily

Answer 29

Homophily: tendency for friendships to form between those who are alike; similar age, gender, race, education, status, behavior, political views, etc. (tend to think of our own traits as good and therefore seek others with them)

Question 30

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 30

Tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positivity after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them
Prefer familiarity: if you have seen someone several times and there hasn’t been a negative interaction, you know that they are safe

Question 31

Functional Distance

Answer 31

Likelihood that people will have the opportunity to interact based on schedules and general opportunities

Question 32

Anticipation of Interaction and ratings study

Answer 32

Anticipation of Interaction Study: participants were asked to rate people as pleasant or unpleasant before meeting them agreeable/disagreeable, then told they would meet the person but their rating of them wouldn’t be shared
RESULTS: if you expect to meet someone, even though they are unpleasant and you disagree with them, your rating of liking increases
THIS IS ADAPTIVE: if you’re inevitably going to meet someone and you have no choice, you need to at least try and give them a chance/avoid conflict by at least perceiving them as a bit more likable

Question 33

Fateous Love

Answer 33

Passion and commitment
Romantic: passion and intimacy
Compassionate: commitment and intimacy