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A&P Test 1 > ch.1 terms > Flashcards

ch.1 terms Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the structure of living organisms (architecture)

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of living organisms (dynamic and workings)

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3
Q

macroscopic anatomy (gross) is the study of

A

large body structures visible to the naked eye

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4
Q

name some
large body structures

A

heart, lungs, kidneys

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5
Q

Greek meaning of anatomy

A

“to cut apart”

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6
Q

regional anatomy

A

the study of the body’s structure and the relationships between its structures by region

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7
Q

systemic anatomy

A

the study of the body’s structure system by system

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8
Q

surface anatomy

A

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

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9
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

the study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (ex. body tissues)

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10
Q

2 subdivisions of microscopic anatomy

A

cytology & histology

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11
Q

cytology

A

the study of cells

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12
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues

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13
Q

developmental anatomy

A

the study of structural changes that occur throughout the life span

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14
Q

embryology

A

a subdivision of developmental anatomy that studies the developmental changes that occur before birth

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15
Q

pathological anatomy

A

the study of structural changes caused by disease

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16
Q

radiographic anatomy

A

the study of internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

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17
Q

palpation

A

feeling organs with your hands

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18
Q

auscultation

A

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

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19
Q

renal physiology

A

studies kidney function and urine production

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20
Q

neurophysiology

A

studies the functions of the nervous system

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21
Q

cardiovascular physiology

A

studies the function of the heart and blood vessels

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22
Q

principle of complementarity of structure and function

A

states that the structure of something determines its function

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23
Q

the smallest unit of matter

A

atoms

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24
Q

simplest level of structural organization

A

chemical level

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25
Q

molecules

A

a group of 2 or more atoms

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26
Q

organelle

A

a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

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27
Q

cell

A

the smallest unit of life

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28
Q

2nd in the structural level of organization

A

cellular level

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29
Q

3rd in the structural level of organization

A

tissue level

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30
Q

tissues

A

groups of similar cells that have a common function

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31
Q

organ

A

a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for the body

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32
Q

4th in the structural level of organization

A

organ level

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33
Q

5th in the structural level of organization

A

organ system level

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34
Q

name the 11 organ systems: (MR L DICE RUNS)

A

muscular, reproductive, lymphatic, digestive, integumentary, cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, urinary, nervous, skeletal

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35
Q

highest level of organization

A

organismal level

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36
Q

mnemonic for level of organization

A

CCT OOO
can charlie tell on other organisms

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37
Q

CCTOOO

name levels of organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal level

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38
Q

every living organism must______

A

maintain its boundaries

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39
Q

internal

A

inside

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40
Q

external

A

outside

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41
Q

what is the job of the plasma membrane

A

to separate the intracellular fluid inside cells from extracellular fluid outside

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42
Q

intracellular fluid

A

inside cells

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43
Q

extracellular fluid (blood plasma)

A

outside the cells

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44
Q

interstitial fluid

A

surrounds and bathes cells

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45
Q

movement is access ____

A

promoted by the muscular system

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46
Q

contractility

A

the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening (contracting)

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47
Q

responsiveness is AKA

A

excitability

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48
Q

responsiveness is the ability to ____

A

sense changes and respond to them

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49
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

an involuntary response that protects the body from harmful/painful stimuli

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50
Q

what is

digestion

A

the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed in the blood

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51
Q

catabolism

A

BREAKS substances into simple building blocks

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52
Q

anabolism

A

builds (synthesizes) complex substances FROM simple building blocks

53
Q

metabolism depends on the ____, ____ and ____ systems.

A

digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular

54
Q

metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by the ____ system

A

endocrine

55
Q

excretion is the

A

process of removing
(eliminate or execute) wastes (excreta) from the body

56
Q

reproduction occurs at the ____ and ____ level.

A

cellular and organismal

57
Q

what is

growth

A

an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole

58
Q

the goal of all body systems is

A

to maintain life

59
Q

nutrients

A

chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building

60
Q

oxygen is ~(app.)

A

20% of the air we breathe

61
Q

water accounts for

A

50-60 % of our body weight

62
Q

water is the single most abundant

A

chemical substance in the body

63
Q

normal body temp is

A

98.6°

64
Q

atmospheric pressure is the force

A

that air exerts on the surface of the body

65
Q

homestasis

A

the stable internal environment of the body

66
Q

variable

A

the factor or event being regulated

67
Q

what 3 components work together to regulate the variable

A

receptor, control center, effector (Rickey Can’t Control Eli?)

68
Q

job of the receptor

A

to monitor the environment and to respond to stimuli (changes) by sending info along the afferent pathway to the control center (MRSS)

69
Q

job of the control center (SPAI)

A

determines the set point and analyzes the input and then the info travels along the efferent pathway to the effector (SPAI)

70
Q

job of the effector

A

carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus

71
Q

negative feedback mechanisms occur when the output of the system

A

shuts off or reduces its intensity

72
Q

positive feedback mechanisms (AKA cascades which in Italian means “to fall”) is feedback that tends to cause the level of a

A

variable to change in the same direction as an initial change

73
Q

homeostatic imbalance alerts you to

A

the consequences of body systems not functioning properly

74
Q

anatomical position is also referred to as

A

standard body position

75
Q

superior (cranial)

A

above

76
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

below

77
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

in front of

78
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

behind

79
Q

medial

A

toward midline

80
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

81
Q

intermediate

A

between medial and lateral structure

82
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk/origin of the body part

83
Q

distal

A

farther from the trunk/origin of the body part

84
Q

superficial (external)

A

toward the surface

85
Q

deep (internal)

A

within

86
Q

directional terms

A

describes one body part in relation to another

87
Q

axial relates to the

A

head, neck, and trunk

88
Q

appendicular refers to the

A

limbs/ appendages

89
Q

regional terms are used to

A

designate specific areas within major body divisions

90
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides from left to right

91
Q

median/midsagittal plane

A

a sagittal plane that lies directly in the midline/ middle

92
Q

parasagittal plane

A

all sagittal planes offset from the midline

93
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior

94
Q

transverse/horizontal/ plane (cross section)

A

runs horizontal and splits body into superior and inferior parts

95
Q

oblique sections

A

diagonal cuts between horizontal and vertical planes

96
Q

dorsal body cavity protects

A

the fragile nervous system organs

97
Q

dorsal body cavity contains what two subdivisions

A

cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral (spinal) cavity

98
Q

ventral body cavity houses

A

internal organs called the viscera

99
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions in the ventral body cavity

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

100
Q

the thoracic cavity is surrounded by ____

A

the ribs and muscles of the chest

101
Q

subd. of the thoracic cavity

A

lateral pleural and medial mediastinum cavity

102
Q

pleural cavity is the

A

space between the 2 layers of pleura

103
Q

the mediastinum contains the pericardial activity which encloses

A

heart, great vessels, and parts of the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus

104
Q

abdominopelvic cavity has ____ parts

A

2

105
Q

abdominal cavity contains

A

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

106
Q

pelvic cavity contains

A

the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

107
Q

serosa (serous membrane) is a moist membrane found in _____

A

closed ventral body cavities

108
Q

parietal serosa is a membrane that

A

lines the walls of the ventral body cavity

109
Q

visceral serosa is a membrane that

A

lines the outer surfaces of organs w/i the ventral body cavity

110
Q

serous fluid

A

clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane

111
Q

parietal pericardium lines the

A

pericardial cavity and folds back

112
Q

visceral pericardium covers

A

the heart

113
Q

parietal pleurae lines

A

the walls of the thoracic cavity

114
Q

visceral cavity covers

A

the lungs

115
Q

parietal peritoneum is associated with

A

the abdominopelvic cavity

116
Q

visceral peritoneum covers

A

most of the organs in that cavity

117
Q

name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

A

right upper quad, left upper quad, right lower quad, left lower quad; RUQ,LUQ,RLQ,LLQ

118
Q

name the 9 abdominopelvic regions

A

Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, right lateral (lumbar), umbilical, left lateral (lumbar), right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal

119
Q

epi-

A

upon

120
Q

gastro-

A

belly

121
Q

hypo-

A

below

122
Q

iliac

A

superior part of the hip bone

123
Q

lumbas

A

loin

124
Q

chondro

A

cartilage

125
Q

oral and digestive cavities contain

A

the teeth and tongue

126
Q

nasal cavity contains

A

nose and respiratory system passageways

127
Q

orbital cavities are in the ___ and house the ___

A

skull ; eyes

128
Q

middle ear cavity lies medial to the ___ and ___ sound to the

A

eardrums ; transmit ; inner ears

129
Q

synovial cavities are ___ cavities

A

joint

A&P Test 1 (5 decks)

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