ch.1 terms Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy
A
the study of the structure of living organisms (architecture)
2
Q
physiology
A
the study of the functions of living organisms (dynamic and workings)
3
Q
macroscopic anatomy (gross) is the study of
A
large body structures visible to the naked eye
4
Q
name some
large body structures
A
heart, lungs, kidneys
5
Q
Greek meaning of anatomy
A
“to cut apart”
6
Q
regional anatomy
A
the study of the body’s structure and the relationships between its structures by region
7
Q
systemic anatomy
A
the study of the body’s structure system by system
8
Q
surface anatomy
A
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
9
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
the study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (ex. body tissues)
10
Q
2 subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
A
cytology & histology
11
Q
cytology
A
the study of cells
12
Q
histology
A
the study of tissues
13
Q
developmental anatomy
A
the study of structural changes that occur throughout the life span
14
Q
embryology
A
a subdivision of developmental anatomy that studies the developmental changes that occur before birth
15
Q
pathological anatomy
A
the study of structural changes caused by disease
16
Q
radiographic anatomy
A
the study of internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
17
Q
palpation
A
feeling organs with your hands
18
Q
auscultation
A
listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
19
Q
renal physiology
A
studies kidney function and urine production
20
Q
neurophysiology
A
studies the functions of the nervous system
21
Q
cardiovascular physiology
A
studies the function of the heart and blood vessels
22
Q
principle of complementarity of structure and function
A
states that the structure of something determines its function
23
Q
the smallest unit of matter
A
atoms
24
Q
simplest level of structural organization
A
chemical level
25
molecules
a group of 2 or more atoms
26
organelle
a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
27
cell
the smallest unit of life
28
2nd in the structural level of organization
cellular level
29
3rd in the structural level of organization
tissue level
30
tissues
groups of similar cells that have a common function
31
organ
a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
32
4th in the structural level of organization
organ level
33
5th in the structural level of organization
organ system level
34
name the 11 organ systems: (MR L DICE RUNS)
muscular, reproductive, lymphatic, digestive, integumentary, cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, urinary, nervous, skeletal
35
highest level of organization
organismal level
36
mnemonic for level of organization
CCT OOO
can charlie tell on other organisms
37
# CCTOOO
name levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal level
38
every living organism must______
maintain its boundaries
39
internal
inside
40
external
outside
41
what is the job of the plasma membrane
to separate the intracellular fluid inside cells from extracellular fluid outside
42
intracellular fluid
inside cells
43
extracellular fluid (blood plasma)
outside the cells
44
interstitial fluid
surrounds and bathes cells
45
movement is access ____
promoted by the muscular system
46
contractility
the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening (contracting)
47
responsiveness is AKA
excitability
48
responsiveness is the ability to ____
sense changes and respond to them
49
withdrawal reflex
an involuntary response that protects the body from harmful/painful stimuli
50
# what is
digestion
the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed in the blood
51
catabolism
BREAKS substances into simple building blocks
52
anabolism
builds (synthesizes) complex substances FROM simple building blocks
53
metabolism depends on the ____, ____ and ____ systems.
digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular
54
metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by the ____ system
endocrine
55
excretion is the
process of removing
(eliminate or execute) wastes (excreta) from the body
56
reproduction occurs at the ____ and ____ level.
cellular and organismal
57
# what is
growth
an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
58
the goal of all body systems is
to maintain life
59
nutrients
chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building
60
oxygen is ~(app.)
20% of the air we breathe
61
water accounts for
50-60 % of our body weight
62
water is the single most abundant
chemical substance in the body
63
normal body temp is
98.6°
64
atmospheric pressure is the force
that air exerts on the surface of the body
65
homestasis
the stable internal environment of the body
66
variable
the factor or event being regulated
67
what 3 components work together to regulate the variable
receptor, control center, effector (Rickey Can't Control Eli?)
68
job of the receptor
to monitor the environment and to respond to stimuli (changes) by sending info along the afferent pathway to the control center (MRSS)
69
job of the control center (SPAI)
determines the set point and analyzes the input and then the info travels along the efferent pathway to the effector (SPAI)
70
job of the effector
carries out the control center's response to the stimulus
71
negative feedback mechanisms occur when the output of the system
shuts off or reduces its intensity
72
positive feedback mechanisms (AKA cascades which in Italian means "to fall") is feedback that tends to cause the level of a
variable to change in the same direction as an initial change
73
homeostatic imbalance alerts you to
the consequences of body systems not functioning properly
74
anatomical position is also referred to as
standard body position
75
superior (cranial)
above
76
inferior (caudal)
below
77
anterior (ventral)
in front of
78
posterior (dorsal)
behind
79
medial
toward midline
80
lateral
away from midline
81
intermediate
between medial and lateral structure
82
proximal
closer to the trunk/origin of the body part
83
distal
farther from the trunk/origin of the body part
84
superficial (external)
toward the surface
85
deep (internal)
within
86
directional terms
describes one body part in relation to another
87
axial relates to the
head, neck, and trunk
88
appendicular refers to the
limbs/ appendages
89
regional terms are used to
designate specific areas within major body divisions
90
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides from left to right
91
median/midsagittal plane
a sagittal plane that lies directly in the midline/ middle
92
parasagittal plane
all sagittal planes offset from the midline
93
frontal/coronal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior
94
transverse/horizontal/ plane (cross section)
runs horizontal and splits body into superior and inferior parts
95
oblique sections
diagonal cuts between horizontal and vertical planes
96
dorsal body cavity protects
the fragile nervous system organs
97
dorsal body cavity contains what two subdivisions
cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral (spinal) cavity
98
ventral body cavity houses
internal organs called the viscera
99
what are the 2 subdivisions in the ventral body cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
100
the thoracic cavity is surrounded by ____
the ribs and muscles of the chest
101
subd. of the thoracic cavity
lateral pleural and medial mediastinum cavity
102
pleural cavity is the
space between the 2 layers of pleura
103
the mediastinum contains the pericardial activity which encloses
heart, great vessels, and parts of the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus
104
abdominopelvic cavity has ____ parts
2
105
abdominal cavity contains
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
106
pelvic cavity contains
the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum
107
serosa (serous membrane) is a moist membrane found in _____
closed ventral body cavities
108
parietal serosa is a membrane that
lines the walls of the ventral body cavity
109
visceral serosa is a membrane that
lines the outer surfaces of organs w/i the ventral body cavity
110
serous fluid
clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane
111
parietal pericardium lines the
pericardial cavity and folds back
112
visceral pericardium covers
the heart
113
parietal pleurae lines
the walls of the thoracic cavity
114
visceral cavity covers
the lungs
115
parietal peritoneum is associated with
the abdominopelvic cavity
116
visceral peritoneum covers
most of the organs in that cavity
117
name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper quad, left upper quad, right lower quad, left lower quad; RUQ,LUQ,RLQ,LLQ
118
name the 9 abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, right lateral (lumbar), umbilical, left lateral (lumbar), right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal
119
epi-
upon
120
gastro-
belly
121
hypo-
below
122
iliac
superior part of the hip bone
123
lumbas
loin
124
chondro
cartilage
125
oral and digestive cavities contain
the teeth and tongue
126
nasal cavity contains
nose and respiratory system passageways
127
orbital cavities are in the ___ and house the ___
skull ; eyes
128
middle ear cavity lies medial to the ___ and ___ sound to the
eardrums ; transmit ; inner ears
129
synovial cavities are ___ cavities
joint
