ch.1 terms Flashcards
anatomy
the study of the structure of living organisms (architecture)
physiology
the study of the functions of living organisms (dynamic and workings)
macroscopic anatomy (gross) is the study of
large body structures visible to the naked eye
name some
large body structures
heart, lungs, kidneys
Greek meaning of anatomy
“to cut apart”
regional anatomy
the study of the body’s structure and the relationships between its structures by region
systemic anatomy
the study of the body’s structure system by system
surface anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
microscopic anatomy
the study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (ex. body tissues)
2 subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
cytology & histology
cytology
the study of cells
histology
the study of tissues
developmental anatomy
the study of structural changes that occur throughout the life span
embryology
a subdivision of developmental anatomy that studies the developmental changes that occur before birth
pathological anatomy
the study of structural changes caused by disease
radiographic anatomy
the study of internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
palpation
feeling organs with your hands
auscultation
listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
renal physiology
studies kidney function and urine production
neurophysiology
studies the functions of the nervous system
cardiovascular physiology
studies the function of the heart and blood vessels
principle of complementarity of structure and function
states that the structure of something determines its function
the smallest unit of matter
atoms
simplest level of structural organization
chemical level
molecules
a group of 2 or more atoms
organelle
a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
cell
the smallest unit of life
2nd in the structural level of organization
cellular level
3rd in the structural level of organization
tissue level
tissues
groups of similar cells that have a common function
organ
a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
4th in the structural level of organization
organ level
5th in the structural level of organization
organ system level
name the 11 organ systems: (MR L DICE RUNS)
muscular, reproductive, lymphatic, digestive, integumentary, cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, urinary, nervous, skeletal
highest level of organization
organismal level
mnemonic for level of organization
CCT OOO
can charlie tell on other organisms
CCTOOO
name levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal level
every living organism must______
maintain its boundaries
internal
inside
external
outside
what is the job of the plasma membrane
to separate the intracellular fluid inside cells from extracellular fluid outside
intracellular fluid
inside cells
extracellular fluid (blood plasma)
outside the cells
interstitial fluid
surrounds and bathes cells
movement is access ____
promoted by the muscular system
contractility
the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening (contracting)
responsiveness is AKA
excitability
responsiveness is the ability to ____
sense changes and respond to them
withdrawal reflex
an involuntary response that protects the body from harmful/painful stimuli
what is
digestion
the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed in the blood
catabolism
BREAKS substances into simple building blocks
anabolism
builds (synthesizes) complex substances FROM simple building blocks
metabolism depends on the ____, ____ and ____ systems.
digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular
metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by the ____ system
endocrine
excretion is the
process of removing
(eliminate or execute) wastes (excreta) from the body
reproduction occurs at the ____ and ____ level.
cellular and organismal
what is
growth
an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
the goal of all body systems is
to maintain life
nutrients
chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building
oxygen is ~(app.)
20% of the air we breathe
water accounts for
50-60 % of our body weight
water is the single most abundant
chemical substance in the body
normal body temp is
98.6°
atmospheric pressure is the force
that air exerts on the surface of the body
homestasis
the stable internal environment of the body
variable
the factor or event being regulated
what 3 components work together to regulate the variable
receptor, control center, effector (Rickey Can’t Control Eli?)
job of the receptor
to monitor the environment and to respond to stimuli (changes) by sending info along the afferent pathway to the control center (MRSS)
job of the control center (SPAI)
determines the set point and analyzes the input and then the info travels along the efferent pathway to the effector (SPAI)
job of the effector
carries out the control center’s response to the stimulus
negative feedback mechanisms occur when the output of the system
shuts off or reduces its intensity
positive feedback mechanisms (AKA cascades which in Italian means “to fall”) is feedback that tends to cause the level of a
variable to change in the same direction as an initial change
homeostatic imbalance alerts you to
the consequences of body systems not functioning properly
anatomical position is also referred to as
standard body position
superior (cranial)
above
inferior (caudal)
below
anterior (ventral)
in front of
posterior (dorsal)
behind
medial
toward midline
lateral
away from midline
intermediate
between medial and lateral structure
proximal
closer to the trunk/origin of the body part
distal
farther from the trunk/origin of the body part
superficial (external)
toward the surface
deep (internal)
within
directional terms
describes one body part in relation to another
axial relates to the
head, neck, and trunk
appendicular refers to the
limbs/ appendages
regional terms are used to
designate specific areas within major body divisions
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides from left to right
median/midsagittal plane
a sagittal plane that lies directly in the midline/ middle
parasagittal plane
all sagittal planes offset from the midline
frontal/coronal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior
transverse/horizontal/ plane (cross section)
runs horizontal and splits body into superior and inferior parts
oblique sections
diagonal cuts between horizontal and vertical planes
dorsal body cavity protects
the fragile nervous system organs
dorsal body cavity contains what two subdivisions
cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral (spinal) cavity
ventral body cavity houses
internal organs called the viscera
what are the 2 subdivisions in the ventral body cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
the thoracic cavity is surrounded by ____
the ribs and muscles of the chest
subd. of the thoracic cavity
lateral pleural and medial mediastinum cavity
pleural cavity is the
space between the 2 layers of pleura
the mediastinum contains the pericardial activity which encloses
heart, great vessels, and parts of the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus
abdominopelvic cavity has ____ parts
2
abdominal cavity contains
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
pelvic cavity contains
the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum
serosa (serous membrane) is a moist membrane found in _____
closed ventral body cavities
parietal serosa is a membrane that
lines the walls of the ventral body cavity
visceral serosa is a membrane that
lines the outer surfaces of organs w/i the ventral body cavity
serous fluid
clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane
parietal pericardium lines the
pericardial cavity and folds back
visceral pericardium covers
the heart
parietal pleurae lines
the walls of the thoracic cavity
visceral cavity covers
the lungs
parietal peritoneum is associated with
the abdominopelvic cavity
visceral peritoneum covers
most of the organs in that cavity
name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper quad, left upper quad, right lower quad, left lower quad; RUQ,LUQ,RLQ,LLQ
name the 9 abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, right lateral (lumbar), umbilical, left lateral (lumbar), right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal
epi-
upon
gastro-
belly
hypo-
below
iliac
superior part of the hip bone
lumbas
loin
chondro
cartilage
oral and digestive cavities contain
the teeth and tongue
nasal cavity contains
nose and respiratory system passageways
orbital cavities are in the ___ and house the ___
skull ; eyes
middle ear cavity lies medial to the ___ and ___ sound to the
eardrums ; transmit ; inner ears
synovial cavities are ___ cavities
joint
