ch 3 terms Flashcards
cells are the ____ units of ___
smallest, life
the cell is the __ and __ unit of life
structural and functional
3 basic parts of human cells (PMCN)
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
plasma membrane is the ____ ____ boundary
flexible outer
cytoplasm contains the ___ and ______
ICF and organelles
nucleus contains the ___ that controls the ____ activity
DNA, cellular
types of ECF are ___ fluid, ___ ___, and ____ fluid
interstitial, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid
plasma membrane (aka cell membrane) is an ____ barrier
active
phospholipids form a
flexible bilayer
2 types of membrane proteins are
integral and peripheral
integral proteins span across the ___ membrane
plasma
integral proteins ___ proteins, enzymes, and receptors
transport
integral proteins brush
boarder enzymes
transport proteins are ___ proteins
carrier
channel pores allow ____ & _____ to move thru
molecules, ions
carrier proteins ___ to a substance and move it thru the ___ membrane
bind, plasma
adjacent cells are also known as cell ____ molecules
adhesion
peripheral proteins are on the __ of plasma membrane
edge
glycocalyx form surface ____
sugars
cell junctions ____ other cells together to form ____
connect, tissues
tight junctions are in between _____ cells in the digestive tract to prevent _____ enzymes and microorganisms
epithelial, digestive
desmosomes are ______ junctions that bond to prevent the ______ of cells
anchoring, seperation
passive processes require ____ and active processes require _____
no energy, energy
filtration is a type of ____ that usually occurs across ___ walls
transport, capillary
diffusion allows ____ to move in and out of ___
substances, cells
the speed of diffusion is influenced by ____ of molecule, _____, and _____
size, temperature, concentration
simple diffusion is _____ diffusion of lipid soluble or very small _____
unassisted, particles
facilitated diffusion is _____ diffusion
assisted
osmosis is the _____ of water
movement
what substances move across the plasma membrane by simple diffusion?
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
what moves across the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion?
sugars, amino acids and ions
in carrier mediated facilitated diffusion, substances ____ to _____ carriers
bind (connect) protein
in CHANNEL mediated facilitated diffusion, substances ____ thru _____ _____ channels
move, water-filled
leakage channels are always ____ and allow ions or water to move according to ______ gradient
open, concentration
gated channels are _____ by chemical or ______ signals and allow substances to move according to _______ gradient
controlled, electrical, concentration
osmosis occurs whenever water ______ differs on __ sides of a ____
concentration, both, membrane
osmolarity is the ____ of total concentration of all _____ particles in water
measure, solute
when osmolarity is up water concentration is ____ and when osmolarity down water concentration is ____
down, up
water moves into solution w/ more _____, more _____, and higher ______
solutes, solids, osmolarity
equilibrium is ____ _____ on both sides
equal (same) volume
cell crenation is when too much ____ leaves a ____
water, cell
cell ___ occurs when too much ____ has been pulled into a cell
lyses, water
tonicity is the ability of a ____ to change the ____ (tone) of cells by altering the cell’s ____ volume
solution, shape, water
isotonic solutions have the same ____ as inside the cell
osmolarity
_____ and ____ are solutions isotonic to the cell
saline solution (salt), glucose
hypertonic solutions have a _____ ____ than inside a cell
higher osmolarity
cell bursting is aka
lyses
crenation is when a cell
shrinks
active process transport occurs whenever cells use _____ to move ____ across plasma membrane
energy, solutes
active transport requires____ proteins
carrier
primary active transport requires ______ to do work and comes directly from ___ _______
energy, ATP hydrolysis
secondary active transport requires ____ to do work but the energy is obtained ____ from ionic _____
energy, indirectly, gradients
vesicular transport requires ____ energy and provides ____ across membranes in _____
cellular, movement, vesicles
endocytosis means to transport
into cell
exocytosis means to transport
out of cell
transcytosis means to transport
into, across, and out of a cell
phagocytosis is a type of ____ that means ____ ____
endocytosis, cell eating
phagocytic cells move by ____ motion that allows the phagocyte to creep along the ____ of our ____
amoeboid, surface, cells
pinocytosis occurs w all ___ and is known as ____ ____ or _____-_____ endocytosis
cell, cell drinking, fluid phase
exocytosis is the process where material is ____ from the cell
ejected
membrane potential is ____ across the ____ membrane
voltage, plasma
resting membrane potential is the _______ potential energy produced by oppositely charged _____
electrical, ions
active transport maintains ________ gradiants
electrochemical
cell _____molecules and membrane _____allow cells to interact with its environment
adhesion, receptors
in _______ ________, the cells that come together and touch the cells recognize each other
contact signaling
in chemical signaling, the _____ membrane _____receptors interact w ________
plasma, protein, ligands
ligands are chemicals that ____ to _____ receptors
bind, protein
neurotransmitters are _____ system signals
nervous
hormones are ____ system signals
endocrine
paracrines are _____ that act ____ and are rapidly _____
chemicals, locally, destroyed
cytosol is a gel-solution made up of ____, ____, _____and _____
water, proteins, salts, sugars
inclusions are chemical substances that may or may not be present in _____ but vary w cells
cytoplasm
organelles are the ______ machinery of cells
metabolic
mitochondria is the
powerhouse of the cell
cristae are double _______ proteins with the inner membrane having ____ folds
membranes, many
ribosome are ___________ organelles that are made up of _____ and ribosomal ___
nonmembranous, protein, RNA
free ribosomes are ____ ________
free floating
membrane-bound ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the _______ reticulum
endoplasmic
endoplasmic reticulum consists of a series of _____ interconnected ______
parallel, cisterns
(MCP) golgi apparatus’ are stacked and flattened membranous cistern sacs that _____, _____, _____
modify, concentrate, package
golgi controls 3 pathways. A:______ vesicles; B: vesicles containing ____ or transmembrane proteins; C: _____
secretory, lipids, lysosomes
lysosomes contain digestive _____
enzymes
the cell’s cytoskeleton is a network of _____ rods that run throughout ______
protein, cytosol
microFILAMENTS are the ____ of all cytoskeletal elements
thinnest
intermediate filaments are ___, ____, ropelike proteins
tough, insoluble
microTUBULES are the ___ of cytoskeleton ELEMENTS
largest
centrosome is a m______ organizing center
microtubule
centrioles function in ____ _____
cell divisions
flagellum aids in the _____ of the cell
movement
cilia move materials across the _____ of the cell
surface
microvilli are fingerlike ________ that extend from the surface of the cell to ______ surface area
projections, increase
the nucleus is the largest ______ within the cell
organelle
uninucleate is
one nucleus
multinucleate is
many nuclei
some cells are anucleate which is
no nucleus
nuclear envelope is a ______ membrane barrier of _____ and proteins
double, phospholipids
nuclear pores allow some substances to _____ ___ and ____ of _____
pass, in, out, nucleus
nucleoli are are within the _____
nucleus
chromatin is _____ wrapped around _____
DNA, histones
chromatin is______ DNA
threadlike
chromosomes are _____ DNA
condensed
chromatids are ______ DNA
duplicated
