Ch.1: Nursing History-MJ Flashcards
What are the 6 images of nursing?
Angel of mercy Battle ax Nurse as a professional Naughty nurse Military Image Handmaiden Image
Which image of nursing is this: “The Halo”; grew out of religion; the perception of nursing chronicled the ideal of Florence Nightingale
Angel of mercy
Which image is this: Nurses are no longer seen as the Battle Ax but as the image of Florence Nightingale
Nurse as a profession
Which image is this: The image of a sexy, risqué nurse arose in the early part of the 20th century; media shows have aided to this negative perception (grey anatomy)
Naughty nurse
Which image is this: Nurses are limited to helping the doctor–seen at the bedside with the doc; very limited roles
Handmaiden image
Which image is this: An example of this image is seen in the film One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, in which Nurse Ratched personifies the nurse as the _____ or torturer, treating her patients with cruelty and disdain
Image= Battle-ax
Fill in the blank= battle-ax
Which image is this: Known as the warrior fighters on the battle lines; Nurses took the lead in providing care in the following wars: American Civil War, Spanish American War, WWI and WWII, Korean, Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan conflicts
Military image
The student nurse’s grandmother states, “in my day, girls became nurses to catch themselves a rich doctor for a husband.” This statement is reflective of which “image” of a nurse?
Naughty nurse
There are 10 different roles of nursing. What are they?
Direct care provider Communicator Client/family educator Client advocate Counselor Change agent Leader Manager Case manager Research consumer
What are the 5 educational pathways that lead to licensure as a RN?
- Diploma program
- Associate degree program
- Baccalaureate degree program
- Master’s entry program
- Doctoral entry
What are the big points about the diploma program?
- Hospital based programs
- Oldest type of nursing education
- Modeled after Nightingales school of nursing
- How most nurses from mid1800s-1960s were educated
- School for 3 years and focuses on clinical experience in direct patient care
- Since 1960s, these programs have steadily decreased
What are the big points of associate degrees programs?
- Emerged during the shortage following WWII
- Most AD programs offered in community colleges
- Student prepared to provide direct patient care from these programs
What are the big points of baccalaureate degree programs?
- Course of study lasts 8 semesters
- Students prepared to address complex clinical situations, provide direct patient care, work in community care, use research, and enter graduate education
- Many A.D graduates enter ‘RN to BSN’ programs
What are the big points about masters entry programs?
- Typical student has a baccalaureate degree in another program
- Programs usually completed in 3 years, the first year devoted to basic nursing content
- At completion, the student is eligible to take the licensing exam and is awarded a masters degree in nursing
What is the big points about doctoral entry programs?
- Most unusual entry pathway to nursing
- Parallels the path through which physicians enter the healthcare field.. very limited enrollment
What are the two types of graduate nursing education?
Masters degree programs
Doctoral programs
What graduate nursing program is this: prepare RNs to function in a more independent and autonomous roles, such as NP, clinical specialist, nurse educator, or nursing administration
Masters degree program
-Usually takes 2 years or longer to complete this
What graduate nursing program is this: Offers professional degrees. The student has typically completed a baccalaureate and masters degree before entry
Doctorate Program
What are the 2 other forms of formal education that involves the concept as “nurses as lifetime learners”
Continuing education and in-service education
What are 5 Nursing Organizations?
- American Nurses Association
- National League for Nursing
- International Council of Nursing
- National Student Nurses Association
- Sigma Theta Tau International
Nursing organizations: What is the official professional organization for nurses in the U.S?
ANA
Nursing organizations: What does the ANA do?
- Establishes standards of nursing to promote high-quality care
- Work toward licensure as means of ensuring adherence to standards
- Publishes this journal: The American Nurse
Which nursing organization was originally founded as the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nursing?
National League for Nursing
Nursing organizations: What does the NLN do?
- Sets standards for all types of nursing education programs
- Studies the nursing workforce
- Lobbies and participates with other major healthcare organizations to set policy for the nursing workforce
- Aids faculty development
- Funds research on nursing education
- Publishes this journal: Nursing education Perspectives
What nursing organization represents 13 million nurses on a global level?
International Council of Nursing
Nursing organizations: What does the ICN do?
- Ensure quality nursing care for all
- Supports global health policies that advance nursing and improve worldwide health
- Strive to improve working conditions for nurses throughout the world
What nursing organization represents students in the U.S?
National Student Nurses Association
Nursing organizations: What does the NSNA do?
- Student counterpart of ANA
- Sponsors yearly conventions to address the concerns of nursing students
- Publishes this journal: Image
What is the international honor society for nursing?
Sigma Theta Tau International
Nursing organizations: What does STTI do?
-Goal: Foster nursing scholarship, leadership, service, and research to improve health worldwide
What are the 6 healthcare delivery systems?
- Hospitals
- Extended care facilities
- Ambulatory care centers
- Home healthcare agencies
- Community/public health centers
- Independent living facilities
Healthcare delivery systems: Which system is this?
Most frequent and most expensive used site for care
Hospitals
Healthcare delivery systems: What system provides care for clients for an extended period of time–usually longer than one month?
Extended care facilities
Healthcare delivery systems: What are the 4 types of extended care facilities?
Nursing homes
Skilled nursing facilities
Rehab facilities
Assisted living facilities
Healthcare delivery systems: Extended care facilities
What are nursing homes?
Provides custodial care for people who cannot live on their own but are not sick enough to require hospitalization
Healthcare delivery systems: Extended care facilities
What are skilled nursing facilities?
Places where you go when you no longer need hospitalization but aren’t ready to go home yet
Skilled care patients are those who are expected to improve with treatment
Healthcare delivery systems: Extended care facilities
What are rehab centers?
Provide extended care and treatment for patients why physical and mental illness
Healthcare delivery systems: Extended care facilities-What are assisted living facilities?
Designed to bridge a gap between independence and institutionalization for older adults who have a decline in health status and cannot live alone independently
Healthcare delivery systems: Which system is synonymous with outpatient care and provides services for clients who are able to come and go from the facility?
Examples?
Ambulatory care systems
EX: Private health and med offices, clinics, and outpatient therapy centers
Healthcare delivery systems: What system provides continuing care to patients after hospitalization?
Home healthcare agencies
Healthcare delivery systems: When do you provide home healthcare?
- Client is homebound and can’t get to an ambulatory care center
- When client/family prefers to receive care in the home (terminally ill)
- When client still requires skilled care but is discharged from hospital bc reimbursable length-of-stay has expired
Healthcare delivery systems: What system are community based that provides care for the community at large?
Example?
Community/public health centers
EX: Healthcare for the homeless; school based programs to decrease incidence of teen preg.
Healthcare delivery systems: What are also known as retirement homes?
Independent living facilities
Healthcare delivery systems: What age are independent living facilities designed for and why?
People over the age of 55 who:
- Are independent in all aspects
- Want to live in a community with other senior citizens
What are the 3 healthcare categories?
Primary care
Secondary care
Tertiary care
What does primary care focus on?
Health promotion, preventive services, health education, and screening for early detection of healthcare problems
What does secondary care focus on?
Services to diagnose and treat disease, illness, and injury
What does tertiary care focus on?
Long term rehab services and care for the dying
Which healthcare category is this: Nursing and health promotion
Primary
Which healthcare category is this: Nursing and illness prevention
Primary
Which healthcare category is this: Nursing and health restoration
Secondary
Which healthcare category is this: Nursing and end of life care
Tertiary care
What are the 5 ways healthcare is financed?
- Individuals
- Individual private insurance
- Employment-based private insurances
- Government (public) financing
- Charitable organizations
What type of people are the ones who have to individually make direct payment services or out of pocket expenses?
- Those with no insurance
- Those who don’t qualify for gov. services
A person with private insurance pays premiums to ______
An insurance company
Most private insurance in the U.S is ____.
Employment-based
Employment based insurance game during WWII, when a labor shortage existed. Why did they create this?
Employers financed benefits, like health insurance, to attract and reward employees, as well as improve the health of employees.
What are the 4 government (public) financing?
Medicare
Medicaid
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
Speciality and categorical programs
What is medicare?
A federal insurance program for those over 65
What is medicade?
Provides healthcare services for people with low income and minimal resources
- Joint federal and state endeavor
- Funded through federal and state taxes
- Use managed care organizations (like HMO)
Because of Obamacare (Affordable care act), people whose income falls below certain percentages of the poverty level but are younger than 65, will qualify for ____.
Medicade
CHIP is a joint venture between the federal government and states to provide health insurance to ______ whose family income ___ Medicade eligibility criteria, but who cannot afford _______ and are not covered under a ______.
Millions of children; does not meet, insurance; parents policy
Why were categorical programs designed?
To benefit certain categories of people.
EX: Access to healthcare for immigrants
or health screening in Head Start Programs
What do charitable organizations provide?
Direct services and cover the costs for some traditional health services
EX: Salvation army provides inpatient alcohol and drug rehab services, food for the needy, and social and nutritional programs for older adults in many cities
