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Micro > CH.1,2,15,11 > Flashcards

CH.1,2,15,11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are Pathogens?

A

microbes that causes diseases

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1
Q

who developed the microscope and did accurate drawings?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

who proposed germ theory

A

Louis Pasteur

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3
Q

Who developed the first vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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3
Q

Who ended up proving the germ theory of disease

A

Robert Kochs

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3
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Inoculate a piece if the virus into people

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4
Q

What did Semmelweiss do to prevent puerperal sepsis?

A

Wash hands

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5
Q

What did Lister spray in surgical rooms to disinfect them?

A

Carbonic Acid

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6
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. suspected pathogen must be present in all diseased organism but absent in healthy indivuals
  2. Pathogen must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
  3. healthy organism infected with suspected pathogen must develope same signs/symptoms
  4. pathogen must be re-isolated from new host and be identical to pathogen isolated in postulate 2
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7
Q

What did John Snow discover?

A

Cholera outbreaks from sewer pumps near drinking supplies, giving birth to modern sanitary standards

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8
Q

What scientists first discovered viruses as “filterable agents”?

A

Dimitri Ivanowsky

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9
Q

How was penicillin discovered, and by whom?

A

Alexander Fleming
by leaving culture of pathogen behind and finding that it had died from a mold, created the first antibiotic

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10
Q

What does it mean when it is said that life is cellular?

A

Three cell arose from a single common ancestor. Eukaryotes (true nucleus),
Bacteria (single-cell, no nucleus)
Archaea (single-cell, no nucleus, distinct from bacteria)

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10
Q

What topics are included in Microbiology?

A

Helminth, Virus, Protozoan, Bacteria, Fungus

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11
Q

What are the 5 I’s

A

Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification

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12
Q

Inoculation

A

microbe is placed placed into a container of growth media (solid/liquid)

13
Q

Incubation

A

incubator creates the proper growth conditions

14
Q

Isolation

A

once cultures have grown, may need to be re-inoculated and incubated to separate species

15
Q

Inspection

A

colonies on agar or broth cultures are observed macro/microscopically, possibly with the aid of staining

16
Q

Identification

A

isolated microbe is determined, usually to the species level, may require other tests like biochemical, immunologic, and genetic

17
Q

differential stain

A

gram stain or acid-fast looking for important cell structures/properties

17
Q

simple stain

A

crystal violet or methylene blue to see cell shape and arrangement

18
Q

negative stain

A

india ink or nigrisine looking for presence of capsule

19
Q

Geno typic approach

A

FISH method- probe is labeled with luminescent material
Polymerase chain reaction PCR-

20
Q

Serology approach

A

Agglutination
Western Blot
ELISA

21
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

recognize 1 epitope, they are myelomas cell fused with B-cells to form hybridoma,

22
Q

polyclonal antibodies

A

occur because there are multiple epitopes on a pathogen

22
Q

Agglutination

A

clumping of antigens
passive= antigens are absorbed onto a surface
antibodies are added
agglutination is observed

23
Q

Western Blot

A

-electrophoresis of antigens from a microb sample
-transfer of protein embedded in the gel to filter
-incubation of filter with patient serum so that antibodies compatible with the test antigen will bind
-addition of secondary antibody carrying a fluorescent label to bind the FC portion of antibodies attached to the filter
-comparison of the protein banding pattern with known positive and negative controls

24
Q

ELISA

A

-known antibody absorbed to surface well
-unknown antigen is added, if complementary, antigen binds to antibody
- enzyme-linked antibody specific for Fc portion of antibody is added
-enzyme substrate is added
-reaction produces visible color change

Micro (10 decks)

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