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BIOL1190 LECTURE > CH1 > Flashcards

CH1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy?

A

the science of body structures and the relationships among them

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2
Q

what is physiology?

A

the science of body functions, how the body parts work

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3
Q

what is dissection?

A

the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

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4
Q

what is developmental biology?

A

the study of the growth and development of an individual

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5
Q

what is embryology?

A

the study of the first eight weeks after fertilization of a human egg

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6
Q

what is cell biology?

A

the study of cellular structure and functions

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7
Q

what is histology?

A

the study of microscopic structure of tissues

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8
Q

what is gross anatomy?

A

the study of structures viewed without a microscope

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9
Q

what is systemic anatomy?

A

the study of structures of specific systems of the body

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10
Q

what is regional anatomy?

A

the study of specific regions of the body

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11
Q

what is topographical anatomy?

A

the study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touching)

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12
Q

what is imaging anatomy?

A

the study of internal body structures that can be visualized with technology for clinical analysis and medical intervention

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13
Q

what is clinical anatomy?

A

the study of the application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences

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14
Q

what is pathological anatomy?

A

the study of structural changes associated with disease

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15
Q

what is molecular physiology?

A

the study of the functions of individual molecules

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16
Q

what is neurophysiology?

A

the study of the functional properties of nerve cells

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17
Q

what is endocrinology?

A

the study of hormones and how they control body functions

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18
Q

what is cardiovascular physiology?

A

the study of the function of heart and blood vessels

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19
Q

what is immunology?

A

the study of the body-s defenses against disease-causing agents

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20
Q

what is respiratory physiology?

A

the study of the functions of the air passageways and the lungs

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21
Q

what is renal physiology?

A

the study of the function of the kidneys

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22
Q

what is exercise physiology?

A

the study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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23
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging

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24
Q

what are the levels of organization of the human body?

A

OOOTCOMA -

ATOMS - chem lvl
MOLECULES - chem lvl
ORGANELLES - cell lvl
CELLS - cell lvl
TISSUES - tissue lvl
ORGANS - organ lvl
ORGAN SYSTEMS - system lvl
ORGANISM - organismal lvl

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25
Q

what are tissues?

A

groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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26
Q

what are the four types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue

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27
Q

what are epithelial tissues?

A

tissues that cover body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, forms glands

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28
Q

what are connective tissues?

A

tissues that connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues

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29
Q

what are muscular tissues?

A

tissues that contract to make body parts move and in the process generate heat

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30
Q

what are nervous tissues?

A

tissues that carry info from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses

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31
Q

what are organs?

A

structures composed of two or more different types of tissues that have specific functions and have recognizable shapes

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32
Q

what are organ systems?

A

systems that consist of related organs with a common function

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33
Q

what are the eleven systems of the human body?

A

integumentary, digestive, nervous, muscular, skeletal, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive, endocrine, lymphatic, and urinary

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34
Q

what is a noninvasive diagnostic technique?

A

technique of diagnosis that is noninvasive and does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening

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35
Q

what is inspection?

A

noninvasive diagnostic technique where examiner observes body for changes that deviate from normal

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36
Q

what is palpation?

A

noninvasive diagnostic technique where examiner feels body surfaces with hands

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37
Q

what is auscultation?

A

noninvasive diagnostic technique where examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of organs

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38
Q

what is percussion?

A

noninvasive diagnostic technique where examiner taps on body surface with fingertips and listens to resulting sound because hollow cavities or spaces produce different sounds than solid organs

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39
Q

what may percussion reveal?

A

abnormal presence of fluid in lungs or air in intestines

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40
Q

what are the six most important life processes of the human body?

A

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, growth, differentiation

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41
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

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42
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

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43
Q

what is anabolism?

A

the building up of simpler components into more complex substances

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44
Q

what is responsiveness?

A

the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

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45
Q

what is movement?

A

the motion of the whole body, individual organs, cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

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46
Q

what is growth?

A

the increase in body size resulting from an increase in size of existing cells and an increase in number of new cells

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47
Q

what is differentiation?

A

the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

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48
Q

what are stem cells?

A

precursor cells which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

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49
Q

what is reproduction?

A

1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, and replacement through cell division

2) the production of a new individual through fertilization

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50
Q

what would happen if the six main life processes occurring in the body cease to occur properly?

A

the result may be death of cells and tissues, leading to death of organism

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51
Q

what indicates death in the human body clinically?

A

the loss of a heartbeat, the absence of spontaneous breathing, and loss of brain functions

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52
Q

what is an autopsy/necropsy?

A

postmortem examination of the body and dissection of internal organs to confirm/determine the cause of death

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53
Q

what can autopsies uncover?

A

the existence of diseases not detected during life

determine the extent of injuries and explain how injuries may have contributed to death

reveal conditions that may affect offspring or siblings

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54
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment

55
Q

why does homeostasis occur?

A

because of the ceaseless interplay of the body’s many regulatory systems

56
Q

how is homeostasis a dynamic condition?

A

conditions that change body’s internal environment always occur

57
Q

what is an important aspect of homeostasis?

A

the act of maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids

58
Q

what is intracellular fluid?

A

fluid within cells, also called cytosol

59
Q

what is extracellular fluid?

A

fluid outside body cells

60
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues

61
Q

what is ECF in blood vessels?

A

blood plasma

62
Q

what is ECF in lymphatic vessels?

A

lymph plasma

63
Q

what is ECF in and around brain and spinal cord?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

64
Q

what is ECF in joints?

A

synovial fluid

65
Q

what is ECF in the eyes?

A

aqueous humor and vitreous body

66
Q

what does the proper functioning of body cells depend on?

A

precise regulation of the composition of the surrounding fluid (aka the internal environment)

67
Q

why do homeostatic imbalances occur?

A

physical insults from external environment (ex. heat)

disruptions in internal environment
(ex. blood pressure)

psychological stresses in social environment (school, work)

68
Q

how does the nervous system work to provide needed corrective measures to restore homeostasis?

A

nervous system sends nervous impulses/action potentials to organs that can counteract changes from balanced state, works rapidly

69
Q

how does the endocrine system work to provide needed corrective measures to restore homeostasis?

A

endocrine system includes glands that secrete messenger molecules/ hormones into blood, working more slowly

70
Q

what is a feedback system?

A

cycle of events in which status of body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated…

71
Q

what is a controlled condition?

A

a monitored variable by the feedback loop

ex, blood pressure, oxygen level, body temp

72
Q

what is a stimulus?

A

any disruption that changes a controlled condition

73
Q

what three components make up a feedback loop?

A

receptor, control center, effector

74
Q

what is a receptor?

A

body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center

75
Q

what is an afferent pathway?

A

info flows towards control center

76
Q

what forms of input do receptors usually send?

A

nerve impulses, chemical signals

77
Q

what is a control center?

A

a center that sets the narrow range/ set point in which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when needed

78
Q

what is an efferent pathway?

A

info flows away from control center

79
Q

what forms of output do control centers usually send?

A

nerve impulses, hormones, other chemical signals

80
Q

what is an effector?

A

body structure that receives output from control center and produces a response/ effect that changes controlled condition

81
Q

describe pathway of a feedback system

A

stimulus - controlled condition - receptor - control center - effector - response - return to homeostasis

SCRCERR

82
Q

what is a negative feedback system?

A

feedback loop negating/reversing change in the controlled condition

83
Q

what is an example of a negative feedback system?

A

when BP increases(stimuli), baroreceptors detect stimulus(receptors),
sends nerve impulses (input)
to brain (control center)
which sends nerve impulses (output)
to blood vessels (effectors)
to dilate (response and return to homeostasis)

84
Q

what is a positive feedback system?

A

feedback loop strengthening/reinforcing a change in the controlled condition, continuining until it is interrupted by a mechanism

85
Q

what are important differences between positive and negative feedback systems?

A

positive feedback loops must be shut off by an external event/mechanism, and typically reinforce conditions that do not happen often

negative feedback loops regulate themselves, and typically regulate conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods

86
Q

what is a disorder?

A

any abnormality of structure or function

87
Q

what is a disease?

A

more specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable set of signs or symptoms

88
Q

what is a local disease?

A

disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body

89
Q

what is a systemic disease?

A

disease that affects entire body or several parts of it

90
Q

what are symptoms?

A

subjective changes in body functions not apparent to an observer

91
Q

what are signs?

A

any objective evidence of disease that can be observed/measured

92
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

the science of why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community

93
Q

what is pharmacology?

A

the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of a disease

94
Q

what is a diagnosis?

A

science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another

95
Q

what does taking a medical history consist of?

A

collecting info abt events that might be related to a patient’s illness

including chief complaint, history of present illnesses, past medical problems, family medical problems, social history, review of symptoms

96
Q

what is a physical examination?

A

orderly evaluation of body and its functions

including noninvasive diagnostic techniques of inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, along with measurement of vital signs and lab tests

97
Q

what is the anatomical position?

A

a position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions in which the:

  • body is erect
  • head is level
  • eyes face forward
  • upper limbs are at sides
  • palms face forward
  • feet flat on floor
  • lower limbs parallel
98
Q

what is the prone position?

A

body lying facedown

99
Q

what is the supine position?

A

body lying faceup

100
Q

what are body cavities?

A

spaces that enclose internal organs

101
Q

what separates body cavities?

A

bones, muscles, ligaments, and other tissues

102
Q

what are the meninges?

A

three layers of protective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord

103
Q

what cavity encompasses the brain and spinal cord?

A

the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal

104
Q

define superior

A

towards the head, upper part of the structure

105
Q

define inferior

A

away from the head, towards the lower part of a structure

106
Q

define lateral

A

away from the midline

107
Q

define medial

A

toward the midline

108
Q

define posterior

A

nearer to or at the back of the body

109
Q

define anterior

A

nearer to or at the front of the body

110
Q

define proximal

A

nearer to the origination of a limb, the trunk

111
Q

define distal

A

farther from the origination of a limb, the trunk

112
Q

what is the cranial cavity?

A

formed by cranial bones and contains brain

113
Q

what is vertebral canal?

A

formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

114
Q

what is thoracic cavity?

A

also called chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities as well as the mediastinum

115
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung

116
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart

117
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

118
Q

what is the abdominal cavity?

A

contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, most of the intestines

119
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

serous membrane of abdominal cavity

120
Q

what is the pelvic cavity?

A

contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and reproductive organs

121
Q

what is the pleura?

A

serous membrane of pleural cavities

122
Q

what is the visceral pleura?

A

pleura that clings to the surface of the lungs

123
Q

what is the parietal pleura?

A

pleura that lines the chest wall and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm

124
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

125
Q

what is the visceral pericardium?

A

pericardium that surrounds the heart

126
Q

what is the parietal pericardium?

A

pericardium that surrounds the chest wall

127
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum?

A

peritoneum that covers the abdominal viscera

128
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

129
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum?

A

peritoneum that lines the abdominal wall. covering inferior surface of diaphragm

130
Q

what organs are retroperitoneal/ posterior to the peritoneum?

A

kidneys, suprarenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colons, portions of abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

131
Q

what is aging?

A

the progressive decline in body’s ability to restore homeostasis

signs:
- wrinkled skin
- gray hair
- loss of bone mass and muscle mass
- diminished reflexes

132
Q

what is medical imaging?

A

techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body

133
Q

what do the various types of medical imaging allow?

A

visualization of structures inside our bodies,

helps to precisely diagnose anatomical and physiological disorders

BIOL1190 LECTURE (15 decks)

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