ch.1 Flashcards by Isabelle Glaesman

what causes physical and chemical changes?

Changes in energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is energy?

the capacity to do work

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is work?

the action of a force over a distance in physics F=ma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the three types of energy?

Kinetic (KE), Potential (PE), Thermal (TE)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Kinetic energy?

energy of motion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is potential energy

energy associated with position or composition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is thermal energy

energy associated with temperature

(is a type of kinetic energy in relation to the individual motion of atoms/molecules)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is total energy?

KE+PE+TE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a qualitative observation?

noting/describing how a process in nature happens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a quantitative observation?

measuring or quantifying something about the process

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are scientific laws?

brief statements that summarize observations and predict future ones
-describe how nature behaves
-subject to experiment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are scientific theories?

a model for the way nature is, and tries to explain what nature does and why
-can be validated by experimentation, but never conclusively proven

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are observations?

must be measured nd the significance of those measurements (number and unit) must be conveyed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is precision

How close a series of measurements are to one another (how repeatable they are)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is accuracy

How close the measured value is to the actual value

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Whats the difference between random error and systematic error?

Random error introduces variability between different measurements of the same thing, while systematic error skews your measurement away from the true value in a specific direction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a binary acid

are composed of hydrogen and a non-metal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter is neither created or destroyed
mass of reactants=mass of products

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Law of Definite Proportions

All samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Law of Multiple Proportions

Elements combine in small, whole-number ratios to form compounds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for Tera

(T), 10^12, 1,000,000,000,000

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for Giga

G, 10^9, 1,000,000,000

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for Mega

M, 10^6,1,000,000

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for kilo

k, 10^3,1000

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for deca

decameter, d, 10^1, 10

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for centi

c, 10^-2, 1/100

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for deci

d, 10^-2, 1/10

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for milli

m, 1/1000, 10^-3

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for micro

u, 10^-6, 1/1,000,000

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for nano

n, 10^-9, 1/1,000,000,000

What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for pico

p, 10^-12, 1/1,000,000,000,000

What are hydrated ionic compounds

ionic compounds called hydrates contain a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit

What are the prefixes for hydrates?

hemi=1/2 mono=1 di-2 tri=3 tetra=4 penta=5 hexa=6 hepta=7 octa=8

What is the oxidation state of Group 1 Metals:

What is the oxidation state of Group 2 metals

What is the oxidation state of Oxygen

What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen

What is the oxidation state of Aluminum

Where does the charge of a polyatomic ion come from?

It is the sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms in the ion

How to define an oxidartion state

it is the amount of electrons lost

what are the prefixes for organic hydrocarbons?

meth=1 eth=2 prop=3 but=4 pent=5 hex=6 hept=7 oct=8 non=9 dec=10

what are the suffixes for organic hydrocarbons

alkane- "ane"-one bond alkenes- "ene"-double bond alkynes- "yne" -triple bond.............................................................................

What is the prefix, multple and symbol for femto

f, 10^-15,

what is the prefix and multiple for atto

a,10^-18

what is the prefix and multiple for exa

E,10^18

what is the prefix and multiple for peta

P, 10^15

What is nuclear theory

1. most of the atoms mass and all of its positive charge are contained in nucleus 2. most of the volume is empty space, throughout that empty space, electrons are dispersed 3. # of electrons on the outside are equivalent to #p in the nucleus to maintain neutrality of an atom

what is atomic theory

1) each element is composed of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms 2) all atoms of an element have the same mass and properties that distinguish them from the atoms of other elements 3) atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds 4) atoms cant change into atoms of another element

Column 1A:

Alkali metals, fairly reactive, lose 1 electron to form of 1 cation

Column 2A:

Alkaline earth metals, fairly reactive, (tend to lose 2 e^-, to form 2^+ cations)

Column 16 (6A)

Chalcones, fairly reactive (tend to gain 2e^-, and form 2^- anions)

Column 17 (7A)

Halogens, very reactive (tend to gain 1e^-, to form 1-anions)