ch.1 Flashcards
what causes physical and chemical changes?
Changes in energy
what is energy?
the capacity to do work
what is work?
the action of a force over a distance in physics F=ma
what are the three types of energy?
Kinetic (KE), Potential (PE), Thermal (TE)
What is Kinetic energy?
energy of motion
what is potential energy
energy associated with position or composition
what is thermal energy
energy associated with temperature
(is a type of kinetic energy in relation to the individual motion of atoms/molecules)
What is total energy?
KE+PE+TE
What is a qualitative observation?
noting/describing how a process in nature happens
what is a quantitative observation?
measuring or quantifying something about the process
what are scientific laws?
brief statements that summarize observations and predict future ones
-describe how nature behaves
-subject to experiment
what are scientific theories?
a model for the way nature is, and tries to explain what nature does and why
-can be validated by experimentation, but never conclusively proven
what are observations?
must be measured nd the significance of those measurements (number and unit) must be conveyed
What is precision
How close a series of measurements are to one another (how repeatable they are)
What is accuracy
How close the measured value is to the actual value
Whats the difference between random error and systematic error?
Random error introduces variability between different measurements of the same thing, while systematic error skews your measurement away from the true value in a specific direction
What is a binary acid
are composed of hydrogen and a non-metal
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter is neither created or destroyed
mass of reactants=mass of products
Law of Definite Proportions
All samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements
Law of Multiple Proportions
Elements combine in small, whole-number ratios to form compounds
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for Tera
(T), 10^12, 1,000,000,000,000
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for Giga
G, 10^9, 1,000,000,000
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for Mega
M, 10^6,1,000,000
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for kilo
k, 10^3,1000
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for deca
decameter, d, 10^1, 10
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for centi
c, 10^-2, 1/100
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for deci
d, 10^-2, 1/10
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for milli
m, 1/1000, 10^-3
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for micro
u, 10^-6, 1/1,000,000
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for nano
n, 10^-9, 1/1,000,000,000
What are the prefixes, multiples, and factors for pico
p, 10^-12, 1/1,000,000,000,000
What are hydrated ionic compounds
ionic compounds called hydrates contain a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit
What are the prefixes for hydrates?
hemi=1/2
mono=1
di-2
tri=3
tetra=4
penta=5
hexa=6
hepta=7
octa=8
What is the oxidation state of Group 1 Metals:
1+
What is the oxidation state of Group 2 metals
2+
What is the oxidation state of Oxygen
2-
What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen
1+
What is the oxidation state of Aluminum
3+
Where does the charge of a polyatomic ion come from?
It is the sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms in the ion
How to define an oxidartion state
it is the amount of electrons lost
what are the prefixes for organic hydrocarbons?
meth=1
eth=2
prop=3
but=4
pent=5
hex=6
hept=7
oct=8
non=9
dec=10
what are the suffixes for organic hydrocarbons
alkane- “ane”-one bond
alkenes- “ene”-double bond
alkynes- “yne” -triple bond…………………………………………………………………..
What is the prefix, multple and symbol for femto
f, 10^-15,
what is the prefix and multiple for atto
a,10^-18
what is the prefix and multiple for exa
E,10^18
what is the prefix and multiple for peta
P, 10^15
What is nuclear theory
- most of the atoms mass and all of its positive charge are contained in nucleus
- most of the volume is empty space, throughout that empty space, electrons are dispersed
- # of electrons on the outside are equivalent to #p in the nucleus to maintain neutrality of an atom
what is atomic theory
1) each element is composed of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms
2) all atoms of an element have the same mass and properties that distinguish them from the atoms of other elements
3) atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds
4) atoms cant change into atoms of another element
Column 1A:
Alkali metals, fairly reactive, lose 1 electron to form of 1 cation
Column 2A:
Alkaline earth metals, fairly reactive, (tend to lose 2 e^-, to form 2^+ cations)
Column 16 (6A)
Chalcones, fairly reactive (tend to gain 2e^-, and form 2^- anions)
Column 17 (7A)
Halogens, very reactive (tend to gain 1e^-, to form 1-anions)
