Ch 99 - Nasal planum, nasal cavity and sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What ligaments support the cartilages of the external nose?

A
  • Dorsal nasal ligament
  • Paired lateral nasal ligaments
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2
Q

What muscles allow for movement of the external nose?

A
  • Levator nasolabialis
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Levator labii maxillaries
  • Frontalis
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3
Q

List the air passages of the nose

A

Dorsal, middle, ventral and common meatus

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4
Q

List the three paranasal sinuses

A
  • Maxillary recess
  • Sphenoidal sinus
  • Frontal sinus - connected to nasal fossa via nasofrontal opening, through which an ethmoidal turbinate extends
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5
Q

What are the bony walls of the rostral nasopharynx (choanae)

A
  • Hard palate ventrally
  • Vomer bone dorsally
  • Palatine bone laterally
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6
Q

What is the mechanism of transmission of scent?

A
  • Odorant substances bind to receptor proteins on surface of cilia arising from olfactory cells
  • G-protein coupled transmembrane protein mechanism causes transmembrane Na-channel opening and influx of intracellular Na
  • Creates an action potention in olfactory nerves
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7
Q

What parts of the brain react to scent?

A
  • Olfactory bulb
  • Cadate nucleus activity when scent is associated with a positive or rewards in stimuli such as the owner
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8
Q

What make the nose moist?
How does this contribute to defensive mechanisms?

A
  • Paired lateral nasal glands
  • Secretions contain immunoglobulin A
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9
Q

What are the top 2 DDx for intranasal mass lesions on advanced imaging?

A
  • Neoplasia
  • Fungal rhinitis (characteristic cavitary appearance)
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10
Q

What anatomical features of the nasal cavity may be normal in cats but can often be mistaken for pathological?

A
  • Deviation of the septum
  • Sinus asymmetry
  • Significance of septal lysis or cribiform lysis is predictive of neoplasia in dogs but the significance of these findings in cats is debated
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11
Q

How does the diagnostic accuracy of blind nasal biopsy compare with rhinoscopic?

A

Not significantly different

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12
Q

What breeds are predisposed to hereditary nasal parakeratosis and idiopathic depigmentation or vitiligo?

A
  • Hereditary nasal parakeratosis in Labs
  • Vitiligo in Rottweilers and Dobermans
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13
Q

What is the prognosis with nasal SCC?

A

Dogs:
- MST 12.5wk with Sx
- MST 26wk with radiation alone
- Recurrence 12/17

Cats:
- MST 12m
- Recurrence 3/8

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14
Q

What is stenotic nares?

A

Axial deviation of the dorsolateral nasal cartilage

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15
Q

What breeds are overrepresented with abberant conchae?
What are the common contact points?
What is the Tx option?

A
  • Frenchies and Pugs
  • intraconchal and septoconchal
  • Diode laser-assisted turbinectomy (regrowth is common but with significantly fewer contact points)
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16
Q

What is the most common nasal neoplasia of cats?
What is the MST?

A
  • Lymphoma
  • MST 98 days
17
Q

What is the most common nasal neoplasia in dogs?
What is the recommended Tx?
What is associated with a poorer prognosis?

A
  • Carcinoma - locally aggressive
  • Radiation is Tx of choice. Cytoreductive surgery does not improve outcome. MST 8-19m
  • Involvement of cribiform plate associated with shorter MST 6.7m
18
Q

What nasal cavity disease can predispose to GDV?

A

Nasal mites - aerophagia

19
Q

What is choanal atresia?
What are the Tx options?

A
  • Congenital condition in which the oronasal membrane fails to resorb. May be partial or complete, osseous or membranous
  • Balloon dilatation or open excision and reconstruction
20
Q

What is nasopharyngeal stenosis?
What are the Tx options?

A
  • An acquired condition resulting from nasopharyngeal inflammation resulting in a varibale thick, impenetrable membrance partially or completely occluding the nasopharynx

Tx options:
- Open surgical resection (restenosis has been reported)
- Endoscopic-guided balloon dilatation (membranous and under 5mm thick)
- Stenting (covered for complete stenosis, uncovered for partial)
- Restenosis in up to 35%, oronasal fistula, stent migration

21
Q

What breed is predisposed to congenital stenotic nasopharyngeal dysgenesis

A

Dachshunds

22
Q

What is the recommended settings when using a CO2 laser for treatment of stenotic nares?

A
  • Power setting 3-5
  • 0.4mm fine tip
  • Continuous waveform
  • Frequent char removal
23
Q

What are the surgical options for stenotic nares?

A
  • Amputation of ventral portion of dorsolateral nasal cartilage (“Traders technique”)
  • Lateral, vertical, or horizontal wedge resection
  • 2-6mm punch biopsy
  • Alapexy
24
Q

What is the reported reduction in airway resistance after laser-assisted turbinectomy?

A

50% in brachycephalic dogs

25
Q

Why is bilateral temporary carotid occlusion not recommended in cats?

A

They have a less robust cerebral blood supply and lack of internal carotid artery, increasing the risk of brain ischaemic damage

26
Q

List the approaches to the nasal cavity

A
  • Dorsal (most common for accessing nasal cavity and sinuses)
  • Ventral (ventral nasal cavity, nasopharynx, ethmoid turbinates)
  • Lateral
  • Rostal/alveolar mucosal approach
27
Q

Why is ventral rhinotomy relatively contraindicated in young animals?

A

Can alter the growth of the muzzle
- Dogs - damage to vomer bone may alter muzzle growth
- Cats - transverse palatal length can be retarded after damage to vomer bone but sagittal length is preserved

28
Q

What complications have been reported after rhinotomy if the cribiform plate is damaged?

A
  • Ventricular pneumocephalus
  • Septic meningoencephalitis