Ch 111 - Testes, epididymides and scrotum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the scrotum?

A
  • Skin
  • Tunica dartos
  • Scrotal fascia
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2
Q

What are the three different cell types which make up the seminiferous tubules within the testes?

A

Spermatogenic cells
Sertoli (sustentacular) cells
- Support development and maturation of spermatozoa
- Controls release of spermatazoa into tubules
- Form the blood-testis barrier
- Stimulated by FSH, negative feedback via inhibin

Leydig cells
- Lie within spaces between seminiferous tubules
- Produce testosterone
- Negative feedback with LH

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3
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Stores spermatazoa until they are released with ejaculation

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4
Q

What are the secondary sex glands of the dog and cat?

A
  • Dog: prostate
  • Cat: prostate and bulbourethral glands

Produce seminal fluid

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5
Q

What structure is responsible for the migration of the testis into the scrotum?

A

The gubernaculum

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6
Q

List the factors involved in thermoregulation of the scrotum

A
  • Skin is thin and lightly haired, little SQ fat and abundant sweat glands
  • Cremaster muscle and tunica dartos to move testes farther away or closer to the body as needed
  • Countercurrent thermoregulation in the pampiniform plexus

Seminiferous tubule temp needs to be 2-3 degrees cooler that the body for viable production of spermatazoa

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7
Q

What tests can help to differentiate anorchism from bilat cryptorchidism?

A
  • After administration of hCG, testesterone should rapidly rise if a testicle is present
  • Cats have testerone-dependant penile spines which should dissappear within 6wk of castration
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8
Q

What cause cryptorchidism?
How old should animals be before a final diagnosis is made?
What breeds are overrepresented?

A
  • Abnormalities of the gubernaculum
  • 6 months old
  • Chihuahua, Min Schnauzer, Pom, Poodles, Shelties, Huskies, Yorkies and Persian cats
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9
Q

What secondary complications are seen with cryptorchidism?

A

Dogs:
- Neoplastic transformation 9.2-13.6%
- Hip dysplasia
- Patellar luxation
- Defects of penis and prepuce
- umbilical hernia

Cats:
- Patellar luxation
- Shortened or kinked tail
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Tarsal deformities
- Microphthalmia
- Upper eyelid agenesis

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10
Q

List the most common forms of testicular neoplasia

A
  • Interstitial (Leydig) tumour
  • Sertoli (sustentacular) tumour
  • Seminomas
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11
Q

What syndrome is commonly seen with Sertoli cell tumours?

A
  • Feminisation syndrome in 9.2-13.6% (significant increase in oestradiol/testosterone ratio)
  • Myelotoxicosis can be irreversible and fatal
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12
Q

What concurrent abnormalities can be seen with Leydig tumours?

A

Assoc with increase testosterone production
- Perineal hernias - 15%
- Perianal adenomas - 37.3%
- Perianal gland adenocarcinoma - 9%

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13
Q

What is the metastatic rate of each testicular tumour?

A
  • Sertoli 6.38-11%
  • Leydig - very rare
  • Seminoma - ?

Prognosis excellent with bilateral orchiectomy if no mets and no myelosuppression

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14
Q

List causes of epididymal occlusion

A
  • Aplasia (developmental failure fo the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct)
  • Acquired duct occlusion
  • Abnormal position of the epididymis in relation to the testis

Bileratel orchiectomy!

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15
Q

List DDx for scrotal enlargement

A
  • Orchitis
  • Epididymitis
  • Sperm granuloma
  • Testicular torsion
  • Scrotal hernia
  • Scrotal neoplasia (MCT, melanoma, hamartoma, HSA etc)
  • Testicular neoplasia

MCT - Staffys, Boxers, Beagles, Boston Terriers, viszlas
Melanomas - Schnauzers, Golder Ret
Histiocytoma - Beagle, Boxer
HSA - Goldern Ret, Boxer

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16
Q

How long does it take for plasma testosterone to decrease after bilateral orchiectomy?

A
  • Dogs: 2-12hr
  • Cats: 24-96hr
17
Q

List some potential detrimental effects of castration

A
  • Higher risk for bladder and prostate cancer
  • Higher risk of OSA in Rottweilers castrated before 1yo
  • Increased risk of LSA and joint dz in Golden Ret castrated before 1yo
  • Castration under 6m doubled the incidence of joint disease in Golden Ret
18
Q

List options of non-surgical sterilisation

A
  • Zinc gluconate most common (used in puppies 3-10mo with testes 10-27mm wide)
  • Testosterone agonist
  • LH- releasing hormone agonist
  • Glycerol
19
Q

List options for castration in cats

A
  • Overhand haemostat technique
  • Figure-of-8 haemostat technique
  • Suture or haemoclip attenuation
  • Square knot open technique
20
Q

What approaches can be used for a vasectomy?

A
  • Inguinal
  • Caudal midline abdominal
  • Abdominal laparoscopic-assisted
  • Prescrotal
  • Scrotal
21
Q

What 2 structures can be used to locate an intrabadominal cryptorchid testical?

A
  • Vas deferens from the prostate
  • Testicular artery and vein from level of kidneys

Spay hooks NOT recommended - documented prostatectomy and partial prostate, urethral and ureteral avulsions

22
Q

What vessel needs to be ligated when making a parapreputial approach to the abdomen?

A
  • Preputial braches of the external pudendal vessels
23
Q

How many ports for a laparoscopic cryptorchid castration?

A
  • 2-3 post technique
  • SILS
24
Q

What 2 structures can be used to locate an intrabadominal cryptorchid testical?

A
  • Vas deferens from the prostate
  • Testicular artery and vein from level of kidneys

Spay hooks NOT recommended - documented prostatectomy and partial prostate, urethral and ureteral avulsions