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Biology 2 > Ch. 9.1-9.2 Transcription Ch. 9.3 Translation Ch. 9.4 Regulation of gene expression > Flashcards

Ch. 9.1-9.2 Transcription Ch. 9.3 Translation Ch. 9.4 Regulation of gene expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What are genes?

A

Information contained in DNA is stored in blocks

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2
Q

What do genes code for?

A

mRNA which codes for protein

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3
Q

What ddo proteins determine?

A

How cells will function

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4
Q

What is central dogma?

A

Path of genetic information

DNA > RNA > protein

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5
Q

List DNA, RNA, protein into central dogma

A

DNA > RNA > protein

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6
Q

In what situation is it called gene expression?

A

When gene sequences are used by cell to make protein

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7
Q

What is transcription?

A

process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is made from gene within DNA

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8
Q

What is translation?

A

process of using mRNA to direct production of protein

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9
Q

What are differences between RNA and DNA?

A

Uracil, ribose, single-stranded in RNA

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10
Q

What are 3 kinds of RNA that cell uses?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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11
Q

What is mRNA?

A

“message” that was transcribed from gene

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12
Q

What is rRNA?

A

RNA that makes up part of ribosome

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13
Q

What is tRNA?

A

RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosome during translation

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14
Q

What allows prokaryotes to undergo transcription and translation at same time?

A

Prokaryotes not having nucleus

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15
Q

What are introns and do prokaryotes have it?

A

Non-translated regions and prokaryotes do not contain introns

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16
Q

What are 3 stages in transcription in both prokaryote and eukaryote

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

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17
Q

Which protein produces mRNA copy of DNA during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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18
Q

What is binding process in Transcription?

A

It first binds to one strand of DNA at site called promoter and then moves down DNA molecule and assembles complementary copy of RNA

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19
Q

When is transcription terminator happening?

A

Transcription ends when RNA polymerase reaches certain nucleotide sequence that causes transcription to stop

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20
Q

What is process of transcription?

A
  1. RNA polymerase finds promoter region of gene
  2. Protein called sigma factor binds to RNA polymerase to initiate transcription in prokaryotes
  3. Proteins called transcription factors determine which genes should be transcribed in eukaryotes, such as growth factors initiating transcription of testosterone during puberty in males
  4. RNA polymerase transcribes in 5 to 3 direction, like DNA polymerase
  5. Strand of DNA with gene sequence is template strand, opposite strand is coding strand
  6. When RNA polymerase encounters termination sequence, a hairpin loop forms in mRNA, causing polymerase and mRNA to dissociate from DNA
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21
Q

sense strand: 5’ ATGGCCTATGAATCG 3’
antisense strand: 3’ TACCGGATACTTAGC 5’
Find mRNA sequence from strands above

A

5’ AUGGCCUAUGAAUCG 3’ from template strand which is sense strand in this case

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22
Q

What introns be in the transcription of RNA processing?

A

They do not code for amino acid sequence and must be removed

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23
Q

What are parts of gene that code for mRNA sequences?

A

Exons

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24
Q

What does it happen when eukaryotic cell first transcribes gene?

A

it produces primary RNA transcript (also called pre-mRNA) of entire gene

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25
Q

What would happen to primary transcription?

A

Primary transcript is then processed in nucleus

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26
Q

What does cut out introns and join together exons to form shorter mRNA transcript

A

Enzyme-RNA complexes

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27
Q

What portion of trypical human genes are not translated?

A

Sequences of introns, which make up 90% of typical human gene, are not translated

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28
Q

What is purpose of added 5 cap′ and 3 poly-A tail in the RNA?

A

tail protects RNA from being degraded

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29
Q

How are genes spliced in humans?

A

In humans, genes may be spliced together in different ways

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30
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

By using different combinations of same exons, different proteins are created

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31
Q

How many genes of human genome appear as many as 120 000 different mRNA transcripts

A

25 000 genes

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32
Q

When does RNA processing occur?

A

RNA processing occurs in nucleus immediately after transcription

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33
Q

Where is mRNA splicing occurs?

A

mRNA splicing occurs in spliceosome

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34
Q

What is spliceosome?

A

combination of “pre-mRNA” and small ribonucleoproteins—snRNPs

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35
Q

Where does translation occur ?

A

Ribosomes which are protein-making factories on cells

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36
Q

Where are your ribosomes?

A

cytoplasm or ER

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37
Q

What is each ribosome made of?

A

Each ribosome is complex of proteins and several segments of
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

38
Q

What do ribosomes consist of?

A

Ribosomes consist of two subunits: small subunit and large
subunit

39
Q

What does small subunit of ribosome have?

A

small subunit has short sequence of its rRNA exposed, which is
complementary to leader sequence that begins all mRNA

40
Q

What binds to small subunit?

A

mRNA

41
Q

What does large ribosomal subunit have?

A

Large ribosomal subunit has three binding sites for transfer RNA (tRNA) located directly adjacent to exposed rRNA sequence on small subunit

42
Q

What are the 3 binding sites of large subunit called?

A

binding sites are called A, P, and E sites

43
Q

What is it that brings amino acids to ribosome to use in making proteins?

A

tRNA molecules

44
Q

What shuld cell do to correctly read gene?

A

cell must translate information encoded in DNA into language of proteins

45
Q

What should translation follow?

A

Translation should follow rules set by genetic code

46
Q

What are codons?

A

mRNA is “read” in three-nucleotide units

47
Q

What does each codon correspond to?

A

Each codon corresponds to particular amino acid

48
Q

Where does tRNA molecule hold amino acid attachment?

A

at one end and three-nucleotide sequence at other end

49
Q

What is anticodon?

A

that three-nucleotide sequence at other end

50
Q

What is anticodon complementary to?

A

64 codons of the genetic code

51
Q

What does activating enzymes match?

A

It matches to amino acids with their proper tRNAs

52
Q

What would happen once mRNA molecule has bound to small ribosomal subunit

A

other larger ribosomal subunit binds as well, forming complete ribosome

53
Q

What does mRNA do during translation?

A

mRNA threads through ribosome three nucleotides at time

54
Q

Where does tRNA holding amino acid to be added enters?

A

ribosome at A site

55
Q

What should previous tRNA do before new tRNA can be added?

A

previous tRNA in A site shifts to P site

56
Q

What happens at P site after previous tRNA in A site shifts?

A

peptide bonds form between incoming amino acid and growing chain of amino acids

57
Q

What energy is used instead of ATP?

A

GTP

58
Q

What does enzyme peptidyl transferase do?

A

catalyzes peptide bond formation reaction

59
Q

Where does now-empty tRNA in P site eventually shifts to?

A

E site, where it is released

60
Q

Until when would translation continues?

A

until stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) is encountered that signals end of the protein

61
Q

What would happen if translation encounters stop codon?

A

ribosome then falls apart and newly made protein is released into cell

62
Q

Multiple ribosomes may transcribe one single mRNA, true or false?

A

true

63
Q

In bacteria where it has no nulcues, how do they transcript or translate?

A

transcription and translation can occur almost simultaneously which gives them advantage because they can alter their regulation very quickly based on environmental
changes

64
Q

In eukaryote where it has nuclues, where do proteins folds into after translation?

A

once translation is finished, proteins fold into secondary and tertiary structures and may be further processed by Golgi bodies

65
Q

What is post-translational modification?

A

Proteins can be packaged into vesicles that pinch off and move to Golgi bodies for further processing

66
Q

What do proteins combined with lipids or sugar in golgi bodies produce?

A

lipoproteins (like LDLs made in liver); or
glycoproteins (like our blood type markers A, B, and AB)

67
Q

How many possible codons

A

Since necleotides of condon can be one of 4 nucleotides, there are 64 possible codons (444)

68
Q

5 A T G C T T T C A C G C G A G G G T T A G 3′
′3 T A C G A A A G T G C G C T C C C A A T C 5′ make the mRNA

A

‘5 AUG CUU UCA CGC GAG GGU UAG 3′

69
Q

change mRNA nucleotides into amino acid sequence using chart

A

Met – Leu – Ser – Arg – Glu – Gly – Stop

70
Q

Normal DNA
‘5 ATGCTTTCA 3′
‘3 TACGAAAGT 5′

DNA mutation 1
‘5 ATGCTTTCA 3′
‘3 TTCGAAAGT 5’ write amino acid sequence for both

A

Mutation: TTC–>AAG–>lysine
Before mutation: AUG–>Meth

71
Q

What should every cell must be doing when particular genes are transcribed?

A

Every must be able to regulate

72
Q

How can genes be turned off in prokaryotes?

A

genes can be turned off by binding of repressor which is protein that binds to DNA and blocks access to promoter

73
Q

How can genes be turned on?

A

Genes can be turned on by activator, protein that makes promoter more accessible to RNA polymerase

74
Q

What is operon?

A

operon is segment of DNA containing cluster of genes that are all transcribed as unit

75
Q

What is best known example for operon?

A

lac operon in bacterium Escherichia coli

76
Q

What does lac operon contain?

A

genes that code for enzymes associated with breaking down sugar lactose

77
Q

What else does lac operon contain?

A

In addition, operon contains regulatory elements: operator and promoter

78
Q

What does presence of lac operon affect and cause?

A

presence of lactose affects repressor protein and causes it to fall off operator, making it possible for RNA polymerase to transcribe operon

79
Q

What will be produced with lac operon?

A

enzymes will be produced to break down lactose

80
Q

What do activator work with to control transcription?

A

Activators work with repressors to control transcription

81
Q

What is activator in lac operon?

A

Activator is known as CAP

82
Q

Why is CAP required for RNA polymerase?

A

CAP is required for RNA polymerase to function properly at operon

83
Q

Where does CAP bind to when glucose and lactose levels are low?

A

CAP binds to DNA but transcription proceeds only when lactose is present (lac operon on when there is only lactose)

84
Q

What do eukaryotes that have complex chromosomes need to condense DNA so it can fit into nucleus

A

histone proteins

85
Q

What DNA does each cell can only transcribe?

A

DNA that is accessible by RNA polymerase

86
Q

Chromosome in different regions vs. chromosome in certain region, which one is more condensed?

A

Chromosome in different regions

87
Q

What kind of regions are not transcribed?

A

Highly condensed regions are not transcribed

88
Q

What is Methylation?

A

Addition of methyl groups (-CH3) prevents gene transcription: called gene silencing

89
Q

What is alternative spilcing?

A

That sometimes only certain exons become part of mature mRNA. Depending on which exons are used, each protein product has different function

90
Q

What does alternative splicing allow for?

A

allows over 100 000 different protein products to be produced from only 25 000 genes

91
Q

What is mRNA degradation?

A

Various mRNA transcripts have specified lifespan due to the length of the poly(A) tail

92
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory sequences of DNA upstream of promoter, allowing RNA polymerase to bind and begin transcription

Biology 2 (5 decks)

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