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Biology 2 > Ch. 17 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch. 17 Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What classes are there for hormones?

A

There are water soluble and fat soluble hormones

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2
Q

What are examples of water soluble hormones?

A

Amines: (Catecholamines) dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
Peptides and proteins: insulin, glucagon, hypothalamus hormones, anterior pituitary hormones

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3
Q

What are examples of fat soluble hormones?

A

Thyroid hormones: are amines but are not soluble in water
Steroids: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol (derived from cholesterol)

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4
Q

Where are Thyroid hormones stored?

A

thyroid gland

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5
Q

Where are Epinephrine and norepinephrine stored?

A

adrenal medulla

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6
Q

Where is dopamine stored?

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

is it epinephrine or norepinephrine that adrenal medulla produce more?

A

epinephrine

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8
Q

What would epinephrine and norepinephrine be called if they are released from neurons?

A

neurotransmitters, but neurons release more norepinephrine

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9
Q

Where are thyroid hormones made from?

A

They are made from tyrosine (amino acid)

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10
Q

Where do thyroid hormones diffuse out into?

A

They diffuse out of thyroid gland cells into blood and are not
packaged into vesicle because they are fat soluble

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11
Q

How do steroid hormones made from cell end up going into blood?

A

Steroid are transported from cell to interstitial fluid and it goes to blood because they are fat soluble so they can move through membrane

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12
Q

What do steroids have to be transported through?

A

through blood on plasma protein albumin

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13
Q

What is pituitary gland protected by?

A

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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14
Q

What are hypothalamus and pituitary are connected by?

A

infundibulum that is containing axons and blood vessels

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15
Q

What does posterior pituitary store?

A

hormones made by hypothalamus (in axon terminals): oxytocin and ADH

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16
Q

When does anterior pituitary make hormones?

A

when stimulated by hypothalamus tropic hormones

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17
Q

What do Capillaries in median eminence form?

A

hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels

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18
Q

What is it there between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

there is direct blood connection

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19
Q

What hormones does posterior pituitary synthesize?

A

posterior pituitary does not synthesize any hormones; it only secretes them

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20
Q

What is oxytocin involved in?

A

involved in uterine contractions, milk ejection in nursing mothers, emotional bonding, love, empathy, and feeling socially connected

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21
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, cause?

A

causes kidneys to reabsorb water and causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure when blood volume is low

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22
Q

What is posterior pituitary stimulated by and what increases water excretion?

A

stimulated by low blood pressure and diuretic increases water excretion

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23
Q

What does Bone growth (height) of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 in children and adolescents cause?

A

causes calcium to be incorporated into bone during exercise (decreases osteoporosis in adults)

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24
Q

What does protein synthesis of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 particularly occur in?

A

particularly occur in skeletal muscle (required to increase
muscle strength)

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25
Q

Q: What is result of GH on metabolism?

A

GH causes liver to break down glycogen and fat, leading to increase in blood sugar levels This process provides fuel for cells that are growing

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26
Q

What does stress inhibit while Growth Hormone and IGF-1 stimulate immune system

A

Stress hormones inhibit growth
hormone and inhibit immune system

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27
Q

What is Cell rejuvenation?

A

anti-aging hormone

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28
Q

What do Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors of Hypothalamus and Pituitary do?

A

They stimulate cell division, promote bone growth, promote protein synthesis mostly in muscle, break down fats for energy, and decrease the effects of insulin

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29
Q

What is Thyroid hormones required for?

A

required for synthesis of growth hormone

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30
Q

What does insulin stimulate and inhibit?

A

stimulates nutrient storage, inhibits protein breakdown

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31
Q

What does Sex hormones stimulate?

A

Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen) stimulate GH and IGF, and protein synthesis

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32
Q

What does Cortisol inhibit?

A

Cortisol inhibits growth

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33
Q

What is mitogen?

A

molecule that stimulates cell division

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34
Q

In what response does anterior pituitary gland produce thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH)?

A

in response to secretion of thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus

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35
Q

How is TSH regulated and what stimulates the release of TRH?

A

TSH is regulated by negative feedback from thyroid hormones in blood
Low levels of T3 and T4 stimulate release of TRH, which in turn stimulates release of TSH from pituitary gland

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36
Q

In what response does anterior pituitary gland release adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)

A

in response to secretion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus

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37
Q

What does ACTH acts on adrenal cortex regulate?

A

production of glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol, in response to stress

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38
Q

Why does ACTH cause cortisol?

A

to be produced from cholesterol by zona fasciculata region of adrenal cortex

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39
Q

What important roles do FSH and LH have?

A

They have important roles in stimulation of the gonads during puberty and reproduction

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40
Q

What is FSH?

A

primary hormone that stimulates development of sperm in testes and oocytes in ovaries

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41
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

stimulates gonads to produce hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

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42
Q

What enzyme that female have more and what does it do?

A

females have much more of aromatase enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen

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43
Q

In what response is Prolactin (PRL) produced in anterior pituitary gland and released?

A

in response to secretion of prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH), which is produced in hypothalamus

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44
Q

What is primary role of prolactin?

A

lactation; it stimulates growth of female mammary glands and production of milk

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45
Q

What is other role of prolactin?

A

surfactant production in fetus at end of the pregnancy, and it helps mother’s immune system not reject infant

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46
Q

What and where is thyroid stimulated by?

A

By TSH to produce T3 (tiiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) in follicular cells

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47
Q

Why is Iodine require?

A

Iodine (available in iodized salt) is required to make thyroid hormones

48
Q

What is main role of Thyroid?

A

Main role is to regulate metabolism – increases cells’ utilization of oxygen, breaks down fats and glycogen to make ATP

49
Q

What is selenium very important micronutrient?

A

It is required for thyroid hormone synthesis, and selenium deficiency can cause severe thyroid malfunction

50
Q

What is iodine co-transported into follicular cells with and where would iodine diffuse into?

A

with sodium (Na+ moved back out by Na+/K+ pump), then iodine diffuses into colloid (centre of follicles)

51
Q

What protein does colloid contain?

A

thyroglobulin

52
Q

In colloid, what is iodine attached to?

A

attached to tyrosine (amino acid) by enzyme called thyroid peroxidase and attached to thyroglobulin

53
Q

What can iodine form?

A

Iodine can form either monoiodotyrosine (MIT) or diiodotyrosine (DIT); then if two DIT molecules are combined T4 is formed – a MIT + DIT = T3

54
Q

What does thyroid hormones do When thyroid hormones are needed?

A

they move from follicle lumen into follicular cells by endocytosis, then diffuse into interstitial fluid, then diffuse into blood

55
Q

How do Thyroid Hormones Regulate oxygen use by?

A

by all cells during cellular respiration

56
Q

How do Thyroid Hormones Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) by?

A

by increasing production of ATP from carbohydrates and fats

57
Q

Where do thyroid hormones Increase synergistic effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

in breakdown of glycogen and fat for energy production

58
Q

What do thyroid hormones Stimulate production of?

A

of growth hormone, especially important during fetal development

59
Q

Why do thyroid hormones Increase heart rate, breathing rate, and cardiac output?

A

so that more oxygen can be delivered to cells

60
Q

What does TSH increase and stimulate?

A

increases thyroid hormone production and stimulates thyroid gland to grow (hypertrophy)

61
Q

What is goiter?

A

enlarged thyroid gland

62
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

autoimmune disease, Antibodies bind to receptors on thyroid and constantly stimulate production and secretion of thyroid hormones – goiter occurs

63
Q

When does Hashimoto’s disease occur?

A

occurs when immune system attacks thyroid; therefore T3 and T4 are decreased

64
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Excessive thyroid hormones

65
Q

How is T3 compared to T4?

A

T3 is more active form, and much of T4 is converted into T3

66
Q

What are symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

A

Weight gain, cold, depression, fatigue, possibly hair loss, dry skin, decreased ability to concentrate

67
Q

What are symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

A

Increased heart rate, breathing rate, anxiety, insomnia, weight loss, increased appetite, heat intolerance

68
Q

What does Thyroid hormones increase when Hyperthyroidism?

A

increase effect of catecholamines

69
Q

What hormones increase plasma calcium concentration?

A

parathyroid hormone, vitamin D

70
Q

What does Calcitonin decrease?

A

blood calcium levels

71
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted by?

A

parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

72
Q

How does calcitonin decrease plasma calcium concentration?

A

by inhibiting osteoclasts

73
Q

What is secretion of calcitonin stimulated by?

A

by high plasma calcium concentration, and it is only factor when concentration is very high

74
Q

Where is Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by?

A

secreted by parathyroid glands (four glands located in neck on thyroid gland)

75
Q

What is PTH critically important to?

A

regulation of calcium levels

76
Q

What type of conditions are for Rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults)?

A

conditions for mineralization of bone matrix is deficient, causing bones to be soft and
easily fractured

77
Q

What is major cause of rickets and osteomalacia?

A

deficiency of
vitamin D

78
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, which results in decreases in bone mass and strength and leads to increased incidence of fractures

79
Q

Where can osteoporosis occur in?

A

in people who are immobilized, and elderly, particularly females during menopause because of decreased estrogen

80
Q

How can you prevent osteoporosis?

A

from calcium from diet, vitamin D, exercise, decrease stress (cortisol)

81
Q

What does CRH from hypothalamus stimulate?

A

stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH, which acts on adrenal cortex to produce
cortisol (glucocorticoid)

82
Q

Are all adrenal gland hormones steroids?

A

Yes

83
Q

What is main function of Aldosterone, which is mineralocorticoid?

A

its main function is to regulate blood ion levels by signalling kidney to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium and H+

84
Q

When is Aldosterone produced?

A

when blood pressure is low

85
Q

What does Cortisol , which is glucocorticoid increase?

A

increases blood glucose levels during stress

86
Q

What are functions of DHEA, and how are they similar to testosterone?

A

DHEA is androgen and has functions similar to testosterone

87
Q

Is it female or male that DHEA play more part?

A

it plays more significant role in adult females than males.** also made in gonads and brain**

88
Q

What does DHEA permit and increase?

A

Permits action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on muscles, blood vessels, and
adipose tissue – increases breakdown of stored nutrients, vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure

89
Q

What does DHEA maintain?

A

Maintains cellular concentrations of metabolic enzymes required to produce glucose between meals – maintains blood sugar while fasting

90
Q

What does DHEA decrease?

A

Decreases inflammatory response, such as capillary permeability and production of prostaglandins, often used as anti-inflammatory medication

91
Q

What does DHEA prevent?

A

Prevents lysosome breakdown during tissue injury so that digestive enzymes don’t damage cells, also decreases capillary permeability during inflammation

92
Q

What is DHEA important for?

A

Important for fetal development – differentiation of tissues

93
Q

How endocrine system respond to stresses on body such as trauma, infection, pain, sleep deprivation, decreased oxygen, fright, excessive exercise

A

by increasing release of cortisol from adrenal cortex and epinephrine from adrenal medulla

94
Q

What does CRH from hypothalamus stimulate?

A

stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH, which acts on adrenal cortex to produce cortisol (glucocorticoid)

95
Q

What is Cortisol secretion highly linked to?

A

circadian rhythm

96
Q

When is Cortisol secretion highest?

A

Secretion is highest first thing in morning and is lowest at night while sleeping

97
Q

What is In Cushing’s syndrome?

A

there is excess cortisol in blood, even in non-stressed individual

98
Q

What would be cause of cushing’s syndrome?

A

may be primary defect (e.g., a cortisol-secreting tumour of adrenal gland) or may be secondary (usually due to an ACTH- secreting tumour of pituitary gland)

99
Q

What does increased blood levels of cortisol in cushing’s syndrome tend to promote?

A

tend to promote uncontrolled catabolism of bone, muscle, skin, and other organs

100
Q

What are Problems associated with Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Muscles weakness
  • Blood sugar increase to levels observed in diabetes mellitus
  • Immunosuppression
  • Redistribution of fat from limbs to trunk (buffalo hump and moon face)
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure) – cortisol potentiates the effects of epinephrine
101
Q

What are treatments for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Surgical removal of pituitary tumour, Adrenalectomy

102
Q

What is cause of Addison’s Disease?

A

Too little CORTISOL
* Hypoglycemia ( BS)
* Hypotension ( BP)
* Hyponatremia (low Na+)

103
Q

What are Symptons of Addison’s Disease?

A
  • Convlusions
  • Salt cravings
  • Mood changes
  • Headaches
  • GI disturbances
  • hyperpigmentation
104
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

autoimmune disease where immune cells attack pancreatic beta islet cells that produce insulin, so no insulin can be produced

105
Q

What does eating sugar lead to?

A

Eating sugar leads to insulin secretion from pancreas

106
Q

What happens to Insulin receptors on body cells when you get type 2 diabetes?

A

They are down-regulated and do not respond to insulin (hyporesponsive)

107
Q

What happens next when Sugar stays in bloodstream and doesn’t enter cells?

A

Cells are essentially starving because nutrients in blood are not going into cells

108
Q

What are symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

A

increased hunger, high blood sugar, weakness, fatigue, dizziness/fainting

109
Q

What is Healthy fasting BS range?

A

4-7 mmol/L

110
Q

Where are small amount of estrogen and small amount of testosterone made in?

A

small amount of estrogen is made in testes, and small amount of testosterone is made in ovaries

111
Q

What is Corpus luteum?

A

cells surrounding ovulated egg

112
Q

What does corpus luteum produce?

A

It produces progesterone during few days after ovulation; if fertilization takes place, progesterone continues to be made

113
Q

When does Estrogen production decrease?

A

when women enter menopause and ovaries stop developing egg follicles

114
Q

Why do elderly people tend to sleep less?

A

Because Melatonin decreases as they age

115
Q

What happens when GH and Thyroid hormone decrease?

A

less stimulating some production for maintaining muscle and bone density & Thyroid hormone production decreases that can lead to slower basal metabolism

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