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Biology 2 > Ch. 18 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do Arteries need to be able to expand?

A

because of high pressure caused by contraction of heart

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2
Q

What do Arteries contain?

A

Arteries contain elastic layer and smooth muscle layer

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3
Q

How are Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arteries used to?

A

used to regulate blood flow

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4
Q

What are arteries controlled by?

A

Controlled by ANS

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5
Q

What kind of vessels are Veins and venules?

A

vessels that return blood from tissues to heart

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6
Q

Why are Walls of veins thinner?

A

because blood pressure is lower than in arteries

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7
Q

What valves do veins have?

A

Veins have unidirectional valves that prevent backward flow of blood

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8
Q

What kind of veins are Varicose veins?

A

veins that have become dilated and twisted because of incompetent (leaky) valves

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9
Q

What percentage of adults suffer from varicose veins?

A

15 %

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10
Q

What kind of site are Capillaries?

A

where oxygen and food molecules are transferred from blood to body’s cells

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11
Q

What are capilaries composed of?

A

They are composed only of endothelial cells

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12
Q

What is distance from cells to capillaries?

A

no more than 100 mm from capillary

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13
Q

How is Blood pressure in capillaries compared to arteries?

A

Blood pressure is far lower in capillaries than in arteries

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14
Q

Where would capilarties bed be opened or closed with?

A

precapillary sphincters, based on physiological needs of tissues

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15
Q

How much fluid does body lose each day due to capillary exchange and why does this occur?

A

body loses about 4 litres of fluid each day and this is because cardiovascular system is very leaky

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16
Q

Why Fluid moves out of capillaries and into interstitial space?

A

because of hydrostatic pressure

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17
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

pressure of fluid moving through blood vessels

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18
Q

What should body use to collect and recycle fluid

A

Body should use second circulatory system = lymphatic system

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19
Q

What is interstitial fluid compared to lymph?

A

it is fluid in between cells

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20
Q

What is lymph compared to interstitial fluid?

A

fluid in between cells that enters lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

Where does lymph ultimately re-enter?

A

bloodstream

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22
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

smooth muscle in lymphatic vessel walls exerts slow contractions

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23
Q

What does Valves prevent?

A

backflow of lymph

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24
Q

What are skeletal pump?

A

contraction of skeletal muscles around blood vessels or lymphatic vessels to propel blood or lymph through vessels

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25
Q

How fast and tight is flow through lymphatic vessels?

A

slow and low pressure

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26
Q

What do Lymphatic vessels take up?

A

cells, proteins, debris etc. (unlike blood vessels)

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27
Q

What happens when lymph detour into lymph nodes

A

lymph is cleaned & examined by immune cells for pathogens, etc

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28
Q

What factors are Movement of blood through blood vessels affected?

A

by three factors: Flow, pressure and resistance

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29
Q

What are flow, pressure and resistance?

A

Flow is amount of blood volume;
blood pressure is force of blood volume on walls of blood vessels;
resistance is force that opposes blood flow

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30
Q

What is blood flow directly and indirectly proportional to?

A

directly proportional to pressure and indirectly to resistance

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31
Q

What is equation of blood flow?

A

Blood Flow = change in pressure/resistance

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32
Q

When does blood flow increase?

A

Increases when pressure increases or resistance decreases

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33
Q

When does heart increase pressure and why?

A

heart increases pressure at beginning of circulation to create blood flow through systemic and pulmonary circulations

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34
Q

What would Narrowing of arteries increase?

A

will increase resistance to blood flow; therefore, contraction of ventricle increased pressure to facilitate blood flow

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35
Q

Where does Varying cardiac output alter?

A

within vessels

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36
Q

Where do blood flows in terms of pressure?

A

Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

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37
Q

Where is Highest pressure ?

A

It is in aorta because of contraction of heart

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38
Q

In what order both blood flow and pressure decrease?

A

arteries to arterioles to capillaries; because diameter of vessels are getting smaller?

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39
Q

What is blood flow dictated by?

A

primarily dictated by changes in blood vessel resistance due to vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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40
Q

What would Vasodilation of blood vessels do to resistant and blood flow?

A

decrease resistance and increase blood flow

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41
Q

What would Vasoconstriction of blood vessels do to resistant and blood flow?

A

increases resistance, decreasing blood flow

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42
Q

What would Tissues that need more oxygen and nutrients require?

A

More blood flow

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43
Q

What would each Body temperature (high or low) do to blood flow?

A
  • Increased temperature causes vasodilation (decrease resistance)
  • Decreased temperature causes vasoconstriction (increase resistance)
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44
Q

What would increase in blood volume cause?

A

increases blood pressure and flow to all areas of body because it increases cardiac output

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45
Q

What plays significant part in regulating blood volume?

A

kidneys play most significant role in regulating blood volume

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46
Q

What is Viscosity, thickness of blood, determined primarily by?

A

by hematocrit level; under normal circumstances, it should not change

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47
Q

What would Increased viscosity cause?

A

increases resistance and decrease blood flow

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48
Q

What can Anemia (decreased red blood cell numbers) cause?

A

decreased resistance

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49
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

primary cause of cardiovascular disease, which is build-up of plaque (mostly fat and
immune cells) within walls of blood vessels

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50
Q

What does turbulent blood flow cause?

A

increases resistance and decreases both flow to that tissue

51
Q

What does Diuretics decrease?

A

blood volume (decrease blood pressure and blood flow

52
Q

What does Vasodilators decrease?

A

decrease vascular resistance

53
Q

How much is Normal resting cardiac output?

A

approximately 5 L/min

54
Q

What is blood pressure in blood vessel defined as?

A

force exerted by blood against vessel wall

55
Q

What does blood pressure keep?

A

pressure, caused by pumping of the heart, keeps blood circulating

56
Q

What does Every blood vessel in circulatory system?

A

it has its own blood pressure, which changes continually

57
Q

When you measure blood pressure with sphygmomanometer, which pressure are
you measuring: arterial, venous, or capillary?

A

arterial pressure

58
Q

normal, healthy blood pressure is approximately 120/80
What what does each number mean?

A

First number means systolic pressure and second number is diastolic number

59
Q

What will happen to blood flow if you increase resistance?

A

Decrease

60
Q

What will happen to blood flow if you increase pressure?

A

Increase

61
Q

What will happen to pressure if you decrease blood flow?

A

Decrease

62
Q

What will happen to blood pressure if you increase resistance?

A

Increase

63
Q

What will happen to your blood pressure if you sit in a hot sauna or bathtub? Why?

A

Pressure decrease due to vasodilation reducing resistance

64
Q

What will happen to your blood pressure if you take vasodilators?

A

Decrease due to decrease resistance

65
Q

What will happen to your blood pressure if you take diuretics?

A

Decrease because blood volume decreases (cardia output decreases)

66
Q

Which blood vessels are regulated by sphincters?

A

Capillaries

67
Q

Which of following causes fluid to leave blood vessels?

A

Capillary Hydrostatic pressure

68
Q

If the resistance in a vessel is decreased, which has occurred?

A

Vasodilation and the flow is increased

69
Q

Bob is standing in the snow and his feet are cold. Which of the following is true?

A

Blood flow to his feet is decreased because of vasoconstriction

70
Q

If the blood vessels in your skin dilate, what happens to the flow and blood pressure in those vessels?

A

They both increase

71
Q

What happens to your blood pressure if you take a diuretic?

A

It decreases

72
Q

What are Baroreceptors?

A

type of mechanoreceptor and detect stretch in blood vessels

73
Q

What do Chemoreceptors detect?

A

chemicals such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions (i.e., determine blood acidity)

74
Q

What do Osmoreceptors detect?

A

ions (Na+, K+, and Cl –) that play a role in osmotic balance. Increased Na+ will increase thirst

75
Q

What do Proprioceptors detect?

A

body position and movement

76
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone signal?

A

signals distal tubule and collecting duct of kidney to increase water reabsorption (increase blood volume which will increase pressure)

77
Q

What does Aldosterone signal?

A

signals distal tubule of kidney to increase sodium reabsorption (increases water reabsorption, which leads to increase blood volume and in turn pressure)

78
Q

What do Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase?

A

increase blood pressure by increasing resistance through vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output

79
Q

What does Angiotensin II stimulate?

A

stimulates production of aldosterone and causes vasoconstriction

80
Q

What does Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) cause?

A

causes kidneys to excrete sodium and, therefore, lowers blood volume and blood pressure; ANP also lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation

81
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure

82
Q

What is Orthostatic hypotension?

A

temporary drop in blood pressure when standing up from prone or reclining position;Also called postural hypotension

83
Q

What causes hypotension?

A

blood pooling in extremities and SNS not signaling lower vessels to constrict and send blood back toward heart quickly

84
Q

What is Chronic hypotension?

A

poor nutrition, low viscosity of blood, or Addison’s disease

85
Q

What is Hemorrhage?

A

major cause of hypotension

86
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

maximal oxygen consumption that can be reached during exercise

87
Q

What is VO2 max Limited by?

A
  • Cardiac output ** primary factor
  • Respiratory system
  • Muscle’s ability to use oxygen
88
Q

What increases As workload increase?

A

heart rate increases (stroke volume increases less than heart rate)

89
Q

What increases VO2 max?

A

endurance training

90
Q

What does Extra weight cause and raise?

A

causes heart to work harder and raises blood pressure, particularly if
you carry extra weight around your waist

91
Q

How is Visceral fat compared to subcutaneous fat?

A

Visceral fat is much worse than subcutaneous fat

92
Q

What should we do To decrease LDLs?

A

eat less sugar and trans fats

93
Q

What should we do To increase HDLs?

A

exercise and fast to burn stored fat

94
Q

What would be effects on your body if you have untreated hypertension for many years?

A

Stress on heart: enlarged heart ( heart muscle will increase in size to compensate for increased load)-Leads to arrhythmias and hypoxia

Small hemorrhages in capillaries due to increased pressure in capillaries can lead to following:
* Kidney damage
* Brain damage (stroke)
* Retinal damage
* Lung damage

95
Q

What do People with metabolic syndrome significantly have?

A

increased risk of death from heart attack or stroke

96
Q

when is person considered to have metabolic syndrome?

A

when they have central obesity (abdominal fat)—waist more than 35 inches in females; more than 40 inches in males—as well as two of the following:

  • High blood triglycerides
  • Low HDLs
  • High resting blood pressure (systolic > 130
    mmhg or diastolic > 85 mmhg)
  • High fasting blood glucose (greater than 5.6
    mmol/L or diagnosed diabetes)
97
Q

how much is normal daily amount for healthy and hypertension?

A

3 to 5 g per day is OK if you are healthy; less than 3 g per day if you have hypertension

98
Q

What does Diuretics do?

A

increase water excretion

99
Q

What does Beta blockers do?

A

decrease effects of epinephrine, thereby decreasing heart rate

100
Q

What does Alpha blockers do?

A

decrease effects of norepinephrine—affects vascular tone and, therefore, heart rate

101
Q

What do Calcium channel blockers do?

A

decrease heart contraction and contraction of blood vessels

102
Q

What do Vasodilators (such as nitroglycerin) do?

A

dilate blood vessels

103
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

decrease production of aldosterone

104
Q

What do Angiotensin II receptor blockers do?

A

decrease aldosterone and cause vasodilation

105
Q

If blood pressure is high, which of following will be produced?

A

Atrial naturetic peptide

106
Q

What do baroreceptors detect?

A

Blood pressure

107
Q

60-year-old man went to Shopper’s to test his blood pressure and had BP of 141/90… he has what?

A

Hypertension

108
Q

Which of following decreases heart rate by decreasing effects of epinephrine?

A

Beta blockers

109
Q

What is cause of Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)?

A

lack of oxygen to heart muscle called ischemia or hypoxia

110
Q

Why would person’s heart have ischemia?

A

Decreased blood flow in coronary arteries

111
Q

What are Plaque in blood vessels called?

A

atherosclerosis

112
Q

What does Hypertension lead to?

A

enlarged heart

113
Q

What are Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)?

A

chest pain, pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing, burning, or choking sensation

114
Q

What can Myocardial infarction May also be experienced as?

A

radiating pain in arms (often inner left arm), shoulders, neck, and/or jaw

115
Q

What is Angina typically precipitated by?

A

exertion or emotional stress

116
Q

How can Angina be exacerbated?

A

by having a full stomach and by cold temperatures

117
Q

What can pain of angina become accompanied by?

A

breathlessness, sweating, and nausea in some cases

118
Q

How long does Angina last?

A

few minutes or less while heart attack symptoms last much longer, sometimes hours

119
Q

What are Symptoms of Angina?

A

Symptoms may be very mild; this is called TIA (transient ischemic attack) and it usually indicates that stroke is highly likely

Other symptoms depend on part of brain that is damaged: headache, dizziness, weakness on one side of body, blurred vision, nausea, numbness, altered sense of
smell, and/or hearing problems

120
Q

What does Long-term effects depend on?

A

depend on extent of hypoxia that area of brain has undergone

121
Q

What can Extensive damage lead to?

A

death of cells that were deprived of oxygen

122
Q

What can physiotherapy gradually increase and why?

A

function of parts of body that were affected by stroke this is mostly due to plasticity of brain, meaning that nearby areas can take on new functions

123
Q

Gus is shoveling his driveway when he gets a sudden pain in his chest that goes away after he rests for a couple of minutes. What has probably happened to Gus?

A

Angina

124
Q

Hazel woke up in the morning with a numb right arm and the right side of her face drooping. What is happening to Hazel?

A

Transient ischemic attack

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