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SOC 224 > Ch. 9 - What Do You Believe? > Flashcards

Ch. 9 - What Do You Believe? Flashcards

1
Q

How do belief systems relate to deviance?

A

They can be social typers of deviance; they determine what is deviant.

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2
Q

How does the sociological study of religion view religion?

A

As a social organization.

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3
Q

What is the sociological study of religion interested in?

A

How religion interacts with other social organizations (such as politics).

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of religions?

A

Ecclesia, churches, sects, and cults.

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5
Q

What is ecclesia?

A

State religions; those adopted at a governmental level and that become the official religion of that country and culture. E.g., Islam in Iran

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6
Q

What are churches?

A

Large, established religions; typically highly bureaucratized; often have millions of members.

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7
Q

What can churches be further divided into?

A

Denominations.

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8
Q

What are 3 examples of churches and various denominations?

A

Catholicism is a denomination of Christianity; Sunni and Shia are denominations of Islam; reconstructionist, reform, and traditional are denominations of Judaism.

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9
Q

What are sects?

A

Smaller, rigid offshoots; less well established than churches; beliefs are formed in reaction to the church they have broken off of.

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10
Q

What is an example of a sect?

A

The Amish are a sect of Christianity.

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11
Q

What are cults?

A

Even smaller, more rigid, oppositional groups; their religious doctrine tend to be more reactionary and oppositional than sects.

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12
Q

What are 2 examples of cults?

A

The Branch Dividians and Heavens Gate.

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13
Q

Which types or religion are seen as normal/deviant?

A

Ecclesia and churches are seen as normal. Sects and cults are most often seen as deviant.

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14
Q

What are the three factors that contribute to the degree of tension between religions and society?

A

The magnitude of differences, the level of antagonism, and the extent to which the group segregates itself.

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15
Q

What are examples of a denominational sect and an established sect?

A

Seventh-Day Adventists are a denominational sect; Jehovah’s Witnesses are an established sect.

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16
Q

Do Seventh-Day Adventists or Jehovah’s witnesses experience less tension?

A

Seventh-Day Adventists

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17
Q

How are Seventh-Day Adventists and Jehovah’s witnesses different?

A

JW have rigid expectations of their members: there is a strong expectation that JW will spread their beliefs as well as abstain from certain behaviours. SDA maintain a less segregated relationship with society, treating their bodies as temples and not spreading the word of god.

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18
Q

What are 4 popular but not necessarily true images of cults?

A

Mind control, mass suicide, violence, and sexual abuse.

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19
Q

Which cult popularized the idea of mass suicide?

A

Heaven’s Gate mixed phenobarbital with apple sauce.

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20
Q

What did the Aum Shinrikyô do?

A

They released nerve gas into a Japanese subway.

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21
Q

What did the Family of Love (formerly Children of God, now Family International) do?

A

A cult associated with sexual deviance and promoting “free love,” including that any sex is okay except between 2 men; this is thought to include pedophilia and incest.

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22
Q

When can governments exercise reasonable violations of religious freedom?

A

When there are threats to public health, public order, or the rights of others.

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23
Q

What are the two movements that characterize social control of deviant religions?

A

The anti-cult movement and the counter-cult movement.

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24
Q

What is the origin of the anti-cult movement?

A

It was created to help parents of hippie kids who joined small religious groups.

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25
Q

What is the origin of the counter-cult movement?

A

Instead of targeting specific groups, they are opposed to religious freedom itself. Typically made up of fundamental religious people.

26
Q

What do cult awareness groups do?

A

They try to educate people about cults and lobby governments for restrictions.

27
Q

What are three examples of resistance to social control of religion?

A

Religious groups defending themselves in court, religions changing their practices, or academics challenging traditional typologies.

28
Q

At an individual level, what purpose do religions serve?

A

They provide a moral code to distinguish between right and wrong.

29
Q

At a societal level, what do religious belief systems do?

A

They have the power to influence political belief systems and practices.

30
Q

What book was written to identify witches?

A

The Hammer of Witches, AKA Malleus Malificarum.

31
Q

What are 3 examples of religions affecting political proceedings?

A

Witch persecutions, residential schooling, and the Victorian child-savers movement.

32
Q

What did the Victorian child-savers focus on?

A

Immoral influences on children; directed attention at lower classes because “if they weren’t immoral, they wouldn’t be in lower classes.”

33
Q

What are deviant sciences often referred to as?

A

Pseudosciences.

34
Q

What is an example of pseudoscience?

A

Astrology.

35
Q

Do deviant sciences always remain so?

A

No, some come to be accepted over time (e.g., radio astronomy).

36
Q

What does junk science involve?

A

The ungrounded claims of people with little or no scientific background or those that use scientific credentials to convince others of their legitimacy.

37
Q

What did John Gray do?

A

Makes lots of money based on the idea that “men are from Mars and women are from Venus.” Believes that feminism is to blame for divorce because it gives women individualism.

38
Q

Who is Laura Schlessinger?

A

Someone with a PhD in physiology that dispenses relationship advice that is in line with her own conservative ideals. People believe she is a psychotherapist because of her PhD.

39
Q

What is scientific misconduct?

A

Deviant acts that occur within science.

40
Q

What are 3 types of scientific misconduct?

A

Fabrication, falsification, and ethical violations.

41
Q

What proportion of scientists admit to some degree of scientific misconduct?

A

1/3

42
Q

What are the two theories of scientific misconduct?

A

Bad apple theory and iceberg theory.

43
Q

What is the bad apple theory?

A

Sees deviance as an individual matter; there is something with with individual scientists. Believes the solution is to get rid of the bad scientists.

44
Q

What is the iceberg theory?

A

Believes the issue is with science itself; the structure of the organization pushes people to do questionable things. “Publish or perish.”

45
Q

Where is the corporation of science reflected?

A

In increasing ties between science and industry.

46
Q

What is post-academic science?

A

The phenomenon that describes the increase in research being done by private organizations instead of university research departments.

47
Q

Why do governments fund research? Why do corporations fund research?

A

Governments fund it to increase knowledge; corporations fund it in order to reach a sought-after conclusion.

48
Q

What is most important in the social control of scientific misconduct?

A

Prevention.

49
Q

Where can social control efforts of scientific misconduct be found?

A

In changing institutional logic.

50
Q

What is institutional logic?

A

Ways of thinking about science and its structure.

51
Q

Until 1975, how was science viewed?

A

As self-governing; science could maintain its own integrity.

52
Q

What are the 4 norms that were thought to guide scientists during its normative time?

A

Communism, skepticism, disinterestedness, and universalism.

53
Q

What is the norm of communism?

A

Refers to how the fruits of the scientific enterprise are shared by everyone.

54
Q

What is the norm of skepticism?

A

All ideas or findings have to be subject to scrutiny in order to make sure they are valid and contribute to knowledge.

55
Q

What is the norm of disinterestedness?

A

Rather than being motivated by self-interest, the idea is that scientists are motivated by the pursuit of the truth.

56
Q

What is the norm of universalism?

A

Knowledge bias free, and scientists must be on the look out for biases that may affect their work.

57
Q

Between 1975 and 1990, what was put into place?

A

Coercive measures to prevent and punish misconduct.

58
Q

How did Social Darwinism influence colonization?

A

The idea that civilizations evolved from primal to civilized stood as a basis for Europeans encouraging indigenous people to abandon their beliefs in favour of “civilized” European ones.

59
Q

What did Social Darwinism become popularized as?

A

Eugenics.

60
Q

How did science serve as a basis for eugenics?

A

When combined with eurocentrism, the science of genetics legitimized the practice of ensuring that “inferior” races did not reproduce.

61
Q

What concerns are raised regarding medicalization?

A

Whether or not we are medicalizing social processes.

62
Q

What effect does medicalization have?

A

It individualizes social problems, downplaying the underlying social issues.

SOC 224 (13 decks)

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