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SOC 224 > Ch. 8 - Mental Disorders > Flashcards

Ch. 8 - Mental Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are mental disorders defined as?

A

Alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning.

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2
Q

What two dimensions do mental disorders consist of?

A

Individual and social.

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3
Q

What is the individual dimension of mental disorders?

A

The experience of the disorder. The ways in which the person’s thoughts and feelings are affected by the disorder, as well as the particular symptoms they experience.

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4
Q

What is the social dimension of mental disorders?

A

The perceptions/treatment of those with disorders.

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5
Q

What do disorders reflect?

A

A process of social construction (witch hunts, incarceration, lobotomies, ECT, homosexuality).

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6
Q

What are the definitions and treatment of mental disorders a function of?

A

Time and place. i.e., cultural values and knowledge.

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7
Q

What is a retentum?

A

An additional stipulation to witch persecutions wherein the “witch” was killed before being burned alive. Seen as form of mercy.

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8
Q

What was ECT used for?

A

As a treatment for a number of mental disorders.

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9
Q

When did ECT fall out of practice?

A

The 60s and 70s.

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10
Q

How has use of ECT changed?

A

It is now much more strictly regulated and the frequency of treatments has dropped drastically.

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11
Q

What percentage of Canadian adults will experience a mental disorder? Worldwide?

A

20% of Canadians, 25% of the world.

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12
Q

What percentage of adults know someone with a mental disorder?

A

80%

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13
Q

What proportion of disabilities do mental disorders make up?

A

1/3

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14
Q

Which demographic was previously thought to experience more mental disorders?

A

Women, but it was due to methodological errors.

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15
Q

What disorders are women more likely to experience?

A

Depression and anxiety.

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16
Q

What disorders are men more likely to experience?

A

Antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse disorders, and conduct disorder.

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17
Q

Which demographic have a higher rate of mental disorders?

A

Those of lower socio-economic class.

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18
Q

What are the two directions of causation?

A

Social causation and social selection.

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19
Q

What is the social causation explanation for lower socioeconomic classes experiencing more mental disorders?

A

More life stressors makes them more vulnerable.

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20
Q

What is the social selection explanation for lower socioeconomic classes experiencing more mental disorders?

A

They face challenges because of their mental disorders and fall into lower classes as a result.

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21
Q

What disorders appear to be the explained by social selection?

A

ADD, conduct disorders, and schizophrenia.

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22
Q

What disorders appear to be explained by social causation?

A

Anxiety and depression, antisocial personality disorder, and substance abuse.

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23
Q

Which age demographic has the highest rates of mental illness?

A

Adolescents and young adults.

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24
Q

What biological factors contribute to the higher rates of mental illness in adolescents and young adults?

A

Exposure to environmental factors that may have biological effects.

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25
Q

What psychological contribute to the higher rates of mental illness in adolescents and young adults?

A

Transitions and identity formation.

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26
Q

What social stresses contribute to the higher rates of mental illness in adolescents and young adults?

A

Having to make educational and career choices, establish financial independence, find a significant other, establish a foothold in adult society, etc.

27
Q

What are the 3 categories of costs of mental illness?

A

Individuals and families, society, and treatment issues.

28
Q

How do mental illnesses impact the individual and family?

A

They are indicative of lower levels of education, low employment rates, lower incomes, and physical illness. They also contribute to family instability.

29
Q

How do mental illnesses impact society?

A

Health care expenses, absenteeism, and lost tax revenue.

30
Q

What is absenteeism?

A

The mentally ill missing work or their family members missing work to take care of them.

31
Q

What kind of treatment issues are experienced by those with mental illness?

A

High proportion (2/3) of mentally ill not getting treatment.

32
Q

Why do such a high proportion of the sick not get treatment? (4)

A

Because of lack of services, perceptions of inadequacy, discomfort with self-closure, or stigmatization.

33
Q

What percentage of the disease burden does mental illness account for?

A

15%

34
Q

What percentage of the healthcare budget is devoted to mental illness?

A

6%

35
Q

What does the social control of mental disorders involve?

A

Stigmatization and medicalization.

36
Q

What is the stigmatization of mental disorders?

A

How people with those disorders are labelled.

37
Q

What is the medicalization of mental disorders?

A

Shifting the view of mental disorders to that of a medical issue, which can be good and bad.

38
Q

What is the prevailing assumption about mental disorders?

A

That they make people unstable and dangerous.

39
Q

What can stigmatization result in?

A

Self-stigmatization.

40
Q

What is self-stigmatization?

A

Buying into the stereotypes, misconceptions, and negative attitudes. One does not need to experience stigmatization to self-stigmatize.

41
Q

How did medicalization begin?

A

With the introduction of asylums.

42
Q

What does medicalization involve today?

A

An extensive array of treatment options.

43
Q

What is de-institutionalization?

A

The closure of beds in mental institutions in the 1960s, resulting in the release of the mentally ill onto the streets.

44
Q

By the 1980s, what percentage of institution beds were emptied?

A

75%

45
Q

What was de-institutionalization motivated by?

A

Changes in mandates of the institutions, the development of drug therapies, and cost-saving efforts.

46
Q

What changes in mandates occurred to spur de-institutionalization?

A

It was recognized that it was better to get people back into the community for treatment.

47
Q

What were the consequences of de-institutionalization? (6)

A

Lack of treatment, lack of social support, discrimination/exploitation/abuse, homelessness and criminalization (transinstitutionalization).

48
Q

What paradigms must be distinguished between when it comes to resisting stigmatization?

A

The disease paradigm and the discrimination paradigm.

49
Q

What is the disease paradigm?

A

Emphasizes ameliorating symptoms that distress and impair individual’s functioning.

50
Q

What is the discrimination paradigm?

A

Emphasizes the role that stigmatization plays in the daily experiences of people with mental illnesses.

51
Q

What are the 4 aspects of stigma management?

A

Trying to pass, dividing social worlds, deflecting, and challenging.

52
Q

What is trying to pass?

A

Hiding a mental disorder.

53
Q

What is dividing social worlds?

A

Managing who knows about a mental illness.

54
Q

What is deflecting?

A

Distancing oneself from the label of mentally ill.

55
Q

What is challenging?

A

Fighting back against the stigma; may manifest as direct confrontation, educating others, or overcompensating.

56
Q

How have institutional policies and programs helped resist stigmatization?

A

Legislation prohibiting discrimination and awareness campaigns.

57
Q

What are 4 groups that promote medicalization?

A

Physicians, consumers, the pharmaceutical industry, and health insurance providers.

58
Q

What are the two dimensions of medicalization?

A

Social and political.

59
Q

What are 3 positive consequences of medicalization?

A

Legitimation of the disorder, raising societal awareness/stigma reduction, and promoting the development of beneficial therapies to reduce suffering.

60
Q

What are 2 negative consequences of medicalization?

A

Disempowerment and limitation of options for patients and the denial of social, economic, and political factors that contribute to issues of mental health.

61
Q

What are the critiques of the DSM? (3)

A

It is more of a political document than a scientific one, it pathologizes normal behaviour and ignores contextual issues, and there are no objective tests.

62
Q

What article is the best critique of mental health practitioners?

A

Rosenhan’s “On Being Sane in Insane Places.”

63
Q

What did “On Being Sane in Insane Places” reveal?

A

Sane patients were admitted to a mental institution and then immediately started acting normal. They were help for an average length of 19 days, but the max was 52 days.

64
Q

Who is most likely to be described as mentally ill or dangerous?

A

Minorities compared to white patients.

SOC 224 (13 decks)

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