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SOC 224 > Ch. 6 - Troubled and Troubling Youth > Flashcards

Ch. 6 - Troubled and Troubling Youth Flashcards

1
Q

What are two conceptualizations of defining youth?

A

Age and status.

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2
Q

What does it mean for youth to be troubling?

A

Primarily a threat to others and to society.

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3
Q

What does it mean for youth to be troubled?

A

Primarily a threat to themselves.

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4
Q

How is youth crime often viewed?

A

As being out of control.

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5
Q

What distinction is drawn in youth crime?

A

Between perceptions of youth crime and patterns of youth crime.

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6
Q

What effect does focusing on youth as offenders have?

A

It obscures the fact that youth are disproportionately victims of crimes.

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7
Q

What is the gap between perceptions and patterns due to?

A

Moral panics.

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8
Q

What moral crime involving youth crime has been had in recent decades?

A

The media created the idea that youth crime was on the rise when it wasn’t.

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9
Q

What did the perception of rising youth crime result in?

A

A demand of politicians to enact new legislation.

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10
Q

What do explanations for youth crime focus on?

A

Parents and peers.

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11
Q

What is the ideal parenting style?

A

Moderate levels of control and supervision along with high levels of affection and flexibility.

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12
Q

What does empirical research on youth gangs focus on?

A

Family indicators, community indicators, personal indicators, and school indicators.

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13
Q

What are 2 family indicators of youth gang involvement?

A

Parental relations that are far too lax or too strict or families where crime is the norm.

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14
Q

What are 4 community indicators of youth gang involvement?

A

High crime rates, preexisting gang presence, high transient population, or a lack of cultural and recreational opportunities.

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15
Q

What are 4 personal indicators of youth gang involvement?

A

Substance use and abuse, lack of motivations/aspirations, poor school performance, and low self-control.

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16
Q

What are 5 school indicators of youth gang involvement?

A

Inadequate funding, few opportunities, violence in the school environment, poor supervision and control of students, low expectations of students.

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17
Q

What does ethnographic research reveal are motivations of youth gang involvement?

A

Material incentives, recreation, a place of refuge and camouflage, physical protection, time to resist, and commitment to the community.

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18
Q

What is time to resist?

A

Rejection of mainstream society.

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19
Q

How are gangs a place of refuge and camouflage?

A

Being a member comes with a certain degree of anonymity, and lowered responsibility for the crimes they might engage in.

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20
Q

How does the media often portray gangs as?

A

Racialized.

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21
Q

What does the racialization of gangs by the media serve to do?

A

Create associations between race and criminality.

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22
Q

What are 5 examples of groups that benefit from moral panics about gangs?

A

Media, politicians, interest groups, law enforcement, and gangs themselves.

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23
Q

How does the media benefit from moral panics?

A

Sensationalism sells.

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24
Q

How do politicians benefit from moral panics?

A

It provides the a platform to get tough on crime.

25
Q

How does law enforcement benefit from moral panics?

A

They can hire more officers when there is believed to be a “gang problem.”

26
Q

How do gangs benefit from moral panics?

A

Free publicity and increased power in the community.

27
Q

What are the 4 levels of control?

A

Formal, informal, retroactive, preventative/prospective.

28
Q

What are 4 sites of control?

A

Schools, families, communities, and the criminal justice system.

29
Q

What are the three youth justice legislations?

A

The Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908), the Young Offenders Act (1984), and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003).

30
Q

What was the main tenet of the JDA?

A

Parens patrie, where the state becomes the parent of the child if their real parents are unable to fill that role.

31
Q

What type of model was the JDA?

A

A welfare model, custody was a last resort.

32
Q

What was the YOA characterized by?

A

A major departure from the JDA’s model; youth justice legislation became more like the adult system, ensuring due process and emphasizing rehabilitation along with protecting society.

33
Q

What type of approach was taken by the YCJA?

A

A bifurcated approach, violent offenders were treated more harshly than offenders with no previous record.

34
Q

What three substances are most used by troubled youth?

A

Tobacco, drugs, and alcohol.

35
Q

What transition has smoking recently undergone?

A

One from being normal to deviant.

36
Q

What has the trend of smoking been over the last 4 decades?

A

1970-1990 saw a decrease, 1991-1999 saw an increase, and 2000+ saw a decrease.

37
Q

Where does the primary motivation to start smoking come from?

A

Friends or peer pressure.

38
Q

What has been done to control tobacco?

A

Advertising restrictions, anti-smoking campaigns, and individual efforts.

39
Q

What is the most commonly used psychoactive drug used by youth?

A

Marijuana.

40
Q

What percentage of drug users friends are also drug users?

A

80%

41
Q

What percentage of non-drug users friends are drug users?

A

7%

42
Q

What factors make drug use become problematic?

A

Individual, community, family, and school factors.

43
Q

What do community factors of drug use include?

A

Whether it’s normalized and whether they’re available.

44
Q

What do family factors of drug use include?

A

Parenting styles and histories of substance use from within the family.

45
Q

What do school factors of drug use include?

A

Levels of academic success and opportunities for extracurricular activities.

46
Q

What must social control efforts be in order to be effective?

A

Programs must be age-appropriate, occur prior to their exposure to drug use, integrate youth’s own perceptions, and take their lifestyles into consideration.

47
Q

What is considered binge drinking?

A

5 drinks in one sitting for males and 4 drinks for females.

48
Q

Where are the highest rates of binge drinking seen?

A

In “traditional” university students (fraternity/sorority members, varsity athletes, etc.)

49
Q

What is the prevention paradox?

A

There is a concern over binge drinking in groups who drink less.

50
Q

What are street youth defined as?

A

Individuals who are 25 years old or younger who are either homeless or under-housed.

51
Q

Why are street youth a difficult population to study?

A

It’s difficult to define “street youth,” it’s also a very diverse, transient population.

52
Q

What makes it difficult to define “street youth”?

A

The question of how entrenched someone hast o be in street life to be classified.

53
Q

What are the two pathways to street life?

A

Runaways and throwaways.

54
Q

What are runaways?

A

Youth escaping a destructive home situation or personal crisis.

55
Q

What are throwaways?

A

Youth who are abandoned or edged out, may be a matter of divorce, blending of families, or unruly behaviour.

56
Q

What are 4 risks of street life?

A

Decreased rights, opportunities, and social supports; victimization and exploitation; health risks; and involvement in criminal behaviour.

57
Q

What is exchange sex?

A

Sex for goods or services; not necessarily prostitution, but possibly in exchange for a place to sleep or food.

58
Q

What strategies are in place to prevent and reduce youth homelessness?

A

Prevention and awareness, early intervention, client-centred support, research and evaluation, and stakeholder engagement.

59
Q

What does storm und drang mean?

A

Storm and stress.

SOC 224 (13 decks)

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