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SOC 224 > Ch. 7 - Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance Flashcards

1
Q

What does physical appearance serve as?

A

The basis on which we both judge and are judged.

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2
Q

How does physical appearance serve as a basis for judgement?

A

It’s not about appearance per se, but the particular meanings and interpretations that are attached to appearance.

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3
Q

What is physical appearance all about?

A

Master statuses and the auxiliary traits we attach to them.

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4
Q

What are the categories for aspects of physical appearance?

A

Voluntary (make-up, tattoos) and involuntary (height, visual disabilities).

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5
Q

Are aspects of physical appearance always voluntary or involuntary?

A

No, sometimes the line is blurred. E.g., body weight, ethnocultural aspects of appearance.

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6
Q

What are body projects?

A

The ways we adapt, change, and control our bodies.

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of body projects?

A

Camouflaging, extending, adapting, and redesigning.

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8
Q

What is camouflaging?

A

The adoption of normative practices, learned through socialization (makeup, clothing, hairstyles).

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9
Q

What is extending?

A

Overcoming physical limitations (using contract lenses to alter vision, the use of a cane).

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10
Q

What is adapting?

A

Removing or repairing; may be done for aesthetic or matters of health (weight loss).

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11
Q

What is redesigning?

A

Reconstructing the body in lasting ways; not necessarily permanent (tattoos, piercings, plastic surgery).

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12
Q

What do bodies objectively reveal?

A

Characteristics of the individual. E.g., socioeconomic status, education level, family background, even personality.

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13
Q

What do bodies subjectively reveal?

A

The characteristics of society, social relationships, and the self. E.g., how certain tattoos indicate different group associations.

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14
Q

What is body modification an example of?

A

Redesigning.

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15
Q

What culture uses neck rings?

A

The Kayan of Myanmar.

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16
Q

When does the use of neck rings begin?

A

As young as 2.

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17
Q

What are neck rings?

A

Brass coils that are wound around women’s necks, extending them over the years.

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18
Q

What effect do neck rings achieve?

A

They create the illusion of a longer neck by deforming the body and pushing the collar bone down such that the shoulders collapse.

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19
Q

Is the origin of the neck rings known?

A

It is widely disputed, but there is no major evidence.

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20
Q

What is the prevailing theory for the origin of neck rings?

A

To prevent men from other cultures from being attracted to and stealing their women.

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21
Q

What can be blamed for the resurgence in the use of neck rings?

A

Increased tourism in the area.

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22
Q

Where is head binding practiced?

A

Central Africa.

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23
Q

What is head binding?

A

Binding infants’ skulls with wood and rope or cloth in order to change the shape of the head.

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24
Q

What shape of head is seen as particularly desirable among those that practice head binding?

A

Elongated skulls.

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25
Q

What are elongated skulls associated with?

A

Attractiveness, intelligence, and higher social status.

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26
Q

Where was foot binding practiced?

A

China.

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27
Q

What is foot binding?

A

A girl’s feet would be bound with cloth to keep feet between 4 and 6 inches.

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28
Q

What is the process of foot binding?

A

Feet are soaked in water so they become more malleable, then they press down the toes of each foot into the soles until the arch breaks.

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29
Q

When was foot binding outlawed in China?

A

1911.

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30
Q

Where is Irezumi/Horimono practiced?

A

Japan.

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31
Q

What is Irezumi/Horimono?

A

Elaborate full body tattoos meant to be hidden.

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32
Q

Why are Irezumi/Horimono left covered?

A

Because of the sigma associated with it (Yakuza)

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33
Q

What phenomena has occurred recently with regard to Japanese people and Irezumi/Horimono?

A

Young Japanese people are practicing tertiary deviance by resisting the deviant label and exposing their tattoos in public.

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34
Q

Who practices Moko?

A

The Maori of New Zealand.

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35
Q

What is Moko?

A

The use of wood tools to carve the skin, then tattoo it.

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36
Q

What do patterns of Moko indicate?

A

Experience.

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37
Q

How do the genders differ when it comes to Moko?

A

Men have it on their face, buttocks, thighs, etc. Women have blue privilege, just a small area on their chins.

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38
Q

When did Moko die out and then experience a resurgence?

A

It died out in the 20th century, but saw a resurgence in the 1990s.

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39
Q

What are implants?

A

Silicon implants or metal spikes below the skin.

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40
Q

Is there a limit to where implants can be placed?

A

No, they can go anywhere.

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41
Q

What does it mean to magnetize someone?

A

Changing the body so it can achieve new sensations. Involves implanting magnets below the skin.

42
Q

What does eyeball jewellery involve?

A

A pocket is created between the clear and the cornea and a small piece of jewellery is inserted.

43
Q

What are corset piercings?

A

Hooks are placed below the skin and then laced.

44
Q

What is a common problem with corset piercings?

A

The hooks can come out and leave nasty scars.

45
Q

What does body suspension involve?

A

Inserting sturdy hooks into the skin and hanging from them.

46
Q

What do objectivists focus on when it comes to modifications?

A

Both the risks associated with modifications as well as the motivations behind the adoption of modifications.

47
Q

What does research show correlates with tattoos?

A

Psychopathology and a riskier lifestyle; including sexual behaviour, substance use, and criminality.

48
Q

What do subjectivists focus on when it comes to modifications?

A

Individual’s understandings of self through interaction.

49
Q

What do understandings of self through interaction involve? (3)

A

Impression management, gender, and ideological messages.

50
Q

What is impression management in relation to subjective understandings of modification?

A

Whether or not it’s a matter of front-stage selves or back-stage selves.

51
Q

How does gender relate to subjective understandings of modification? (3)

A

Through established femininity, resistant femininity, and negotiated femininity.

52
Q

What is established femininity?

A

Follows the cultural ideal; women who get tattoos of hearts, flowers, or names of their children in feminine areas such as the ankles, lower back, navels, or behind shoulder blades.

53
Q

What is resistant femininity?

A

Goes against traditional ideals; involves more visible, masculine tattoos.

54
Q

What is negotiated femininity?

A

Private resistance as opposed to public; represents a negotiation between established and resistant femininity.

55
Q

What is the straightedge subculture?

A

A subculture that rejects the rampant hedonism that is characteristic of society, instead focusing on physical purity (no drinking, no casual sex).

56
Q

What type of body project do body size/weight refer to?

A

Adapting projects.

57
Q

What are the two types of standards by which the ideal body is held?

A

Scientific standards and social standards.

58
Q

What percentage of anorexics will die of complications?

A

20%

59
Q

What is key to anorexia?

A

Distorted perceptions of one’s own body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Even when they are emaciated they will see fat.

60
Q

Can anorexics tell others are too skinny?

A

Yes, they are only deluded when it comes to themselves.

61
Q

What individual factors may predispose someone to anorexia?

A

Hormonal problems , neurotransmitter levels, psychological factors such as history of abuse and need to be in control.

62
Q

How does anorexia lead to control?

A

It’s sometimes about being able to control the numbers on the scale.

63
Q

What family dynamics might play into anorexia?

A

Having rigid, controlling parents.

64
Q

What is a sociocultural factor that might play into anorexia?

A

The stigma that skinny is good.

65
Q

What is the prevalence of anorexia?

A

0.9% of females and 0.3% of males will develop it at some point.

66
Q

What is muscle dysmorphia?

A

An obsession with muscle building.

67
Q

What does muscle dysmorphia create a vulnerability to?

A

Steroid use and abuse.

68
Q

How can steroids affect the body?

A

Heart disease, liver disease, cancer, severe acne, hair loss.

69
Q

How is the skinny ideal reinforced?

A

Through the media.

70
Q

How have bodily ideals changed over the last few decades?

A

Women are expected to be skinnier and men are expected to be more muscular.

71
Q

What is the perceived worst experience shown in studies?

A

Being fat.

72
Q

What does the medical approach to the ideal body emphasize about deviating from the ideal?

A

The health risks.

73
Q

What health risks are associated with deviating from the ideal body?

A

Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, weak bones.

74
Q

What is used to reflect the ideal range by medical standards?

A

Body mass index.

75
Q

At what levels are there discrimination against fat people?

A

Interpersonal and institutional levels.

76
Q

How does being overweight affect job prospects?

A

It makes people less likely to be hired.

77
Q

How do slightly overweight men’s incomes compare to normal weight men?

A

Slightly overweight men have a higher income.

78
Q

What are the 5 levels of social control of “too fat”?

A

Media, commercial industry, medicalization, governments, and communities.

79
Q

How does the media control “too fat”?

A

Through messages about how to achieve the ideal body and by making morality connect to weight. E.g., it’s bad when women indulge in ice cream.

80
Q

How does the commercial industry control “too fat”?

A

Diet pills, videos, and gym memberships.

81
Q

How does medicalization control “too fat”?

A

Prescriptions and surgery.

82
Q

How do governments control “too fat”?

A

Fat taxes and tax deductions.

83
Q

What are fat taxes?

A

Taxes put on unhealthy foods.

84
Q

What kind of tax deductions are given to control “too fat”?

A

To parents of kids in sports programs.

85
Q

How do communities control “too fat”?

A

School programs and recreational activities.

86
Q

What ar the consequences of social control? (5)

A

Distorted perceptions, self-esteem issues, depression, chronic dieting/eating disorders, and steroid use and abuse.

87
Q

What are “fat acceptance” groups?

A

Groups that promote the idea of health as opposed to thinness.

88
Q

What is resisting the label of “too fat” an example of?

A

Tertiary deviance.

89
Q

How is “too thin” socially controlled?

A

Via medicalization, media, society, interpersonal, and government factors.

90
Q

What are the two types of prevention associated with the medical control of “too thin”?

A

Primary and secondary prevention.

91
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Preventing eating disorders from developing at all.

92
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Trying to identify those that may be in the early stages of eating disorders.

93
Q

What do treatment options for eating disorders include? (5)

A

Psychotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, drug therapy, family counselling, and group therapy.

94
Q

How does the media socially control “too thin”?

A

By stigmatizing celebrities and referring to them as “too thin.”

95
Q

What are lollipop girls?

A

Girls who are so skinny that their heads appear too big for their bodies.

96
Q

How do changing societal ideals control “too thin”?

A

Curvy and fit bodies are seen as increasingly more attractive than thin model bodies.

97
Q

What interpersonal factors control “too thin”?

A

Scrutiny from family and friends, pushing food on people, and social isolation.

98
Q

How do governments control “too thin”?

A

Passing legislation that bans models that are too thin.

99
Q

What are ana websites?

A

Websites that promote and encourage anorexia.

100
Q

What do the pervasiveness of weight loss messages and products communicate?

A

That it’s not possible to be “too thin.”

SOC 224 (13 decks)

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