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SOC 224 > Ch. 7 - Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance Flashcards

1
Q

What does physical appearance serve as?

A

The basis on which we both judge and are judged.

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2
Q

How does physical appearance serve as a basis for judgement?

A

It’s not about appearance per se, but the particular meanings and interpretations that are attached to appearance.

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3
Q

What is physical appearance all about?

A

Master statuses and the auxiliary traits we attach to them.

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4
Q

What are the categories for aspects of physical appearance?

A

Voluntary (make-up, tattoos) and involuntary (height, visual disabilities).

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5
Q

Are aspects of physical appearance always voluntary or involuntary?

A

No, sometimes the line is blurred. E.g., body weight, ethnocultural aspects of appearance.

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6
Q

What are body projects?

A

The ways we adapt, change, and control our bodies.

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of body projects?

A

Camouflaging, extending, adapting, and redesigning.

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8
Q

What is camouflaging?

A

The adoption of normative practices, learned through socialization (makeup, clothing, hairstyles).

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9
Q

What is extending?

A

Overcoming physical limitations (using contract lenses to alter vision, the use of a cane).

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10
Q

What is adapting?

A

Removing or repairing; may be done for aesthetic or matters of health (weight loss).

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11
Q

What is redesigning?

A

Reconstructing the body in lasting ways; not necessarily permanent (tattoos, piercings, plastic surgery).

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12
Q

What do bodies objectively reveal?

A

Characteristics of the individual. E.g., socioeconomic status, education level, family background, even personality.

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13
Q

What do bodies subjectively reveal?

A

The characteristics of society, social relationships, and the self. E.g., how certain tattoos indicate different group associations.

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14
Q

What is body modification an example of?

A

Redesigning.

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15
Q

What culture uses neck rings?

A

The Kayan of Myanmar.

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16
Q

When does the use of neck rings begin?

A

As young as 2.

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17
Q

What are neck rings?

A

Brass coils that are wound around women’s necks, extending them over the years.

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18
Q

What effect do neck rings achieve?

A

They create the illusion of a longer neck by deforming the body and pushing the collar bone down such that the shoulders collapse.

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19
Q

Is the origin of the neck rings known?

A

It is widely disputed, but there is no major evidence.

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20
Q

What is the prevailing theory for the origin of neck rings?

A

To prevent men from other cultures from being attracted to and stealing their women.

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21
Q

What can be blamed for the resurgence in the use of neck rings?

A

Increased tourism in the area.

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22
Q

Where is head binding practiced?

A

Central Africa.

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23
Q

What is head binding?

A

Binding infants’ skulls with wood and rope or cloth in order to change the shape of the head.

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24
Q

What shape of head is seen as particularly desirable among those that practice head binding?

A

Elongated skulls.

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25
What are elongated skulls associated with?
Attractiveness, intelligence, and higher social status.
26
Where was foot binding practiced?
China.
27
What is foot binding?
A girl's feet would be bound with cloth to keep feet between 4 and 6 inches.
28
What is the process of foot binding?
Feet are soaked in water so they become more malleable, then they press down the toes of each foot into the soles until the arch breaks.
29
When was foot binding outlawed in China?
1911.
30
Where is Irezumi/Horimono practiced?
Japan.
31
What is Irezumi/Horimono?
Elaborate full body tattoos meant to be hidden.
32
Why are Irezumi/Horimono left covered?
Because of the sigma associated with it (Yakuza)
33
What phenomena has occurred recently with regard to Japanese people and Irezumi/Horimono?
Young Japanese people are practicing tertiary deviance by resisting the deviant label and exposing their tattoos in public.
34
Who practices Moko?
The Maori of New Zealand.
35
What is Moko?
The use of wood tools to carve the skin, then tattoo it.
36
What do patterns of Moko indicate?
Experience.
37
How do the genders differ when it comes to Moko?
Men have it on their face, buttocks, thighs, etc. Women have blue privilege, just a small area on their chins.
38
When did Moko die out and then experience a resurgence?
It died out in the 20th century, but saw a resurgence in the 1990s.
39
What are implants?
Silicon implants or metal spikes below the skin.
40
Is there a limit to where implants can be placed?
No, they can go anywhere.
41
What does it mean to magnetize someone?
Changing the body so it can achieve new sensations. Involves implanting magnets below the skin.
42
What does eyeball jewellery involve?
A pocket is created between the clear and the cornea and a small piece of jewellery is inserted.
43
What are corset piercings?
Hooks are placed below the skin and then laced.
44
What is a common problem with corset piercings?
The hooks can come out and leave nasty scars.
45
What does body suspension involve?
Inserting sturdy hooks into the skin and hanging from them.
46
What do objectivists focus on when it comes to modifications?
Both the risks associated with modifications as well as the motivations behind the adoption of modifications.
47
What does research show correlates with tattoos?
Psychopathology and a riskier lifestyle; including sexual behaviour, substance use, and criminality.
48
What do subjectivists focus on when it comes to modifications?
Individual's understandings of self through interaction.
49
What do understandings of self through interaction involve? (3)
Impression management, gender, and ideological messages.
50
What is impression management in relation to subjective understandings of modification?
Whether or not it's a matter of front-stage selves or back-stage selves.
51
How does gender relate to subjective understandings of modification? (3)
Through established femininity, resistant femininity, and negotiated femininity.
52
What is established femininity?
Follows the cultural ideal; women who get tattoos of hearts, flowers, or names of their children in feminine areas such as the ankles, lower back, navels, or behind shoulder blades.
53
What is resistant femininity?
Goes against traditional ideals; involves more visible, masculine tattoos.
54
What is negotiated femininity?
Private resistance as opposed to public; represents a negotiation between established and resistant femininity.
55
What is the straightedge subculture?
A subculture that rejects the rampant hedonism that is characteristic of society, instead focusing on physical purity (no drinking, no casual sex).
56
What type of body project do body size/weight refer to?
Adapting projects.
57
What are the two types of standards by which the ideal body is held?
Scientific standards and social standards.
58
What percentage of anorexics will die of complications?
20%
59
What is key to anorexia?
Distorted perceptions of one's own body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Even when they are emaciated they will see fat.
60
Can anorexics tell others are too skinny?
Yes, they are only deluded when it comes to themselves.
61
What individual factors may predispose someone to anorexia?
Hormonal problems , neurotransmitter levels, psychological factors such as history of abuse and need to be in control.
62
How does anorexia lead to control?
It's sometimes about being able to control the numbers on the scale.
63
What family dynamics might play into anorexia?
Having rigid, controlling parents.
64
What is a sociocultural factor that might play into anorexia?
The stigma that skinny is good.
65
What is the prevalence of anorexia?
0.9% of females and 0.3% of males will develop it at some point.
66
What is muscle dysmorphia?
An obsession with muscle building.
67
What does muscle dysmorphia create a vulnerability to?
Steroid use and abuse.
68
How can steroids affect the body?
Heart disease, liver disease, cancer, severe acne, hair loss.
69
How is the skinny ideal reinforced?
Through the media.
70
How have bodily ideals changed over the last few decades?
Women are expected to be skinnier and men are expected to be more muscular.
71
What is the perceived worst experience shown in studies?
Being fat.
72
What does the medical approach to the ideal body emphasize about deviating from the ideal?
The health risks.
73
What health risks are associated with deviating from the ideal body?
Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, weak bones.
74
What is used to reflect the ideal range by medical standards?
Body mass index.
75
At what levels are there discrimination against fat people?
Interpersonal and institutional levels.
76
How does being overweight affect job prospects?
It makes people less likely to be hired.
77
How do slightly overweight men's incomes compare to normal weight men?
Slightly overweight men have a higher income.
78
What are the 5 levels of social control of "too fat"?
Media, commercial industry, medicalization, governments, and communities.
79
How does the media control "too fat"?
Through messages about how to achieve the ideal body and by making morality connect to weight. E.g., it's bad when women indulge in ice cream.
80
How does the commercial industry control "too fat"?
Diet pills, videos, and gym memberships.
81
How does medicalization control "too fat"?
Prescriptions and surgery.
82
How do governments control "too fat"?
Fat taxes and tax deductions.
83
What are fat taxes?
Taxes put on unhealthy foods.
84
What kind of tax deductions are given to control "too fat"?
To parents of kids in sports programs.
85
How do communities control "too fat"?
School programs and recreational activities.
86
What ar the consequences of social control? (5)
Distorted perceptions, self-esteem issues, depression, chronic dieting/eating disorders, and steroid use and abuse.
87
What are "fat acceptance" groups?
Groups that promote the idea of health as opposed to thinness.
88
What is resisting the label of "too fat" an example of?
Tertiary deviance.
89
How is "too thin" socially controlled?
Via medicalization, media, society, interpersonal, and government factors.
90
What are the two types of prevention associated with the medical control of "too thin"?
Primary and secondary prevention.
91
What is primary prevention?
Preventing eating disorders from developing at all.
92
What is secondary prevention?
Trying to identify those that may be in the early stages of eating disorders.
93
What do treatment options for eating disorders include? (5)
Psychotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, drug therapy, family counselling, and group therapy.
94
How does the media socially control "too thin"?
By stigmatizing celebrities and referring to them as "too thin."
95
What are lollipop girls?
Girls who are so skinny that their heads appear too big for their bodies.
96
How do changing societal ideals control "too thin"?
Curvy and fit bodies are seen as increasingly more attractive than thin model bodies.
97
What interpersonal factors control "too thin"?
Scrutiny from family and friends, pushing food on people, and social isolation.
98
How do governments control "too thin"?
Passing legislation that bans models that are too thin.
99
What are ana websites?
Websites that promote and encourage anorexia.
100
What do the pervasiveness of weight loss messages and products communicate?
That it's not possible to be "too thin."

SOC 224 (13 decks)

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