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A&P Test 3 > ch. 9 terms > Flashcards

ch. 9 terms Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles can transform ________ energy (ATP) into __________ energy, which is capable of exerting force for movement

A

chemical, mechanical

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2
Q

Myo and mys are prefixes for _________
Sarco means ________

A

muscle, flesh

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3
Q

Only skeletal and ________ muscle cells are elongated and referred to as muscle fibers
Cardiac muscle cells are called _____________

A

smooth, cardiocytes

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4
Q

_________ (skeletal/smooth) muscles are organs that are attached to ______ and skin, their fibers are striated, these muscles are __________

A

skeletal, bones, voluntary

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5
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the _______ where it makes up bulk of heart walls
 Cardiac muscle is _______ and _________
 Cardiac muscle can _______ on its own with pacemaker cells and without nervous system stimulation

A

heart, striated, involuntary, contract

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6
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is found in walls of hollow v________ organs
 Smooth muscle (is/ is not) _______ striated and is _________
 Some Smooth muscle cells can ________ on their own with pacemaker cells and without nervous system stimulation

A

visceral, is not, involuntary, contract

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7
Q
  1. e___________ = responsiveness
     The ability to receive and r________ to stimuli by changing the membrane potential
  2. Contractility is the ability to s_______ forcibly when stimulated
  3. E__________ is the ability to be stretched beyond resting length
  4. Elasticity is the ability to r______ to resting length after stretching
A

excitability, respond, shorten, extensibility, recoil

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8
Q

Four important Muscle functions
1. Produce ________
2. ________ posture and body position
3. Stabilize _______
4. Generate ______ as they contract

A

movement, maintain, joints, heat

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle is an organ made up of different tissues
1. _______ muscle fibers
2. _____ fibers
3. _______ vessels
4. ___________ tissue sheaths
5. Attachments

A

skeletal, nerve, blood, connective

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10
Q

every ________ muscle fiber is supplied with a nerve ending that controls its ________

A

skeletal, activity

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11
Q

Contracting muscle fibers require
1. Continuous delivery of _____ and nutrients
2. e_______

A

O2, excretion

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12
Q

job of Connective Tissue Sheaths
1. s_________ muscle cells
2. r__________ and hold whole muscle together

A

support, reinforce

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13
Q

CT Sheaths from external to internal
1. ___mysium
2. _____mysium
3. ____mysium

A

epi, peri, endo

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14
Q

*Epimysium is dense ________ CT that surrounds the whole muscle
*Perimysium is f________ CT surrounding fascicles
*Endomysium is fine a______ CT surrounding each muscle fiber

A

irregular, fibrous, areolar

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15
Q
  1. _______ - attachment to movable bone
  2. ___________ - attachment to immovable or less movable bone
A

insertion, origin

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16
Q

With _______ attachments, the epimysium is fused to the
periosteum of bone

A

direct

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17
Q

*Sarco________ is the muscle fiber’s plasma membrane
*Sarco_____ is the muscle fiber’s cytoplasm

A

sarcolemma, sarcoplasm

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18
Q

m_________ are densely packed rod-like elements that account for ~80% of muscle cell volume and run the length of muscle fibers

A

Myofibrils

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19
Q

Myofibril s________ are stripes formed from repeating series of
dark and light bands along length of each myofibril

A

striations

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20
Q

Region of a myofibril between two Z discs is called a
s___________

A

sarcomere

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21
Q

m___________ myofilaments are thick filaments with myosin heads located
in the middle between Z discs
*Myosin is composed of p_______ myosin intertwined to form a myosin tail and forms the myosin globular head

A

myosin, protein

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22
Q

g____________ heads are the “business end” of myosin. During a
muscle contraction, myosin globular heads link myosin to actin
at actin’s active site forming c_______ bridges

A

Globular, cross

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23
Q

a_____ myofilaments are thin filaments with active sites anchored to
Z discs
actin subunits are link together to form long, fibrous strands
twisted together to form a thin f___________ like a “twisted string of
pearls”

A

actin, filament

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24
Q

t______________ molecules spiral around actin to stabilize it

A

tropomyosin

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25
Q

t_________ consists of three globular polypeptides and
calcium binds to __________

A

Troponin (x2)

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26
Q

e________ filament is composed of protein titin and hold
the thick filaments, myosin, in place

A

elastic

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27
Q

s____________ reticulum consists of
interconnecting tubules surrounding each myofibril
like a crocheted sleeve

A

sarcoplasmic

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28
Q

s______________ protrudes deep into the cell’s interior forming T tubules which are i__________ of the Sarcolemma

A

sarcolemma, invaginations

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29
Q

t_______ (another name for a piano chord) consist of a T tubule running between the paired terminal cisterns of SR

the Triad area formed is from 2 Terminal c______, T t______

A

triad, cisterns, tubule

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30
Q

s___________ occurs if the cross bridges generate enough tension on the thin filaments to exceed forces opposing shortening,

A

shortening

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31
Q

c____________ (pre/during labor) ends when cross bridges become inactive, tension declines, and the muscle fiber relaxes

A

contraction

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32
Q

in the r_________ state, thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly

A

relaxed

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33
Q

s_______ filament model of contraction states that during a c_________ the thin filaments slide past thick filaments causing actin and myosin to overlap more

A

sliding, contraction

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34
Q

Muscle Fiber c__________ is due to motor neuron stimulating s______ muscle fiber to contract

A

contraction, skeletal

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35
Q

Four steps must occur for skeletal muscle fiber to contract
1. n________ stimulation
2. a__________ potential = electrical current must be generated in sarcolemma
3. Action potential automatically propagated along s_______
4. Intracellular ______ levels must rise briefly

A

nerve, action, sarcolemma, CA2+

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36
Q

skeletal muscle cells are stimulated by s________ motor neurons
Parts of a Somatic Motor Neuron
1. Dendrites
2. ____ Body
3. Axons- long, threadlike extensions of motor neurons that travel
from _______ nervous system to skeletal muscle
4. terminal Branches- Each __________ branch gives off curling branches forming an elliptical neuro__________ Junction
5. Axon Terminals- the very end of the motor n_______ is the mound-like

A

somatic, cell, central, terminal, neuromuscular, neuron

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37
Q

s______ vesicles that contain the neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine

A

synaptic

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38
Q

ACh diffuses across cleft and ACh b______ with ACh r_______ on
sarcolemma of muscle fiber

A

binds, receptors

39
Q

ACh is quickly broken down by the enzyme a____________________, which stops the contraction

A

acetylcholinesterase

40
Q

Resting s_____________ is
p___________ which means a voltage exists across plasma
membrane

A

sarcolemma, polarized

41
Q

An ____ plate potential (EPP) is a v_______ that causes the d________ of skeletal muscle fibers

A

end, voltage, depolarization

42
Q

d___________ occurs when the inside of the cell becomes p_________ and outside the cell becomes n___________

A

depolarization, positive, negative

43
Q

action potentials spreads across sarcolemma from one Na+ channel to next
one in adjacent areas causing that area to depolarize. This is
called s_________-p______________

A

self-propagating

44
Q

r____________ is when the inside of the cell becomes n_________ and outside the cell becomes p__________

A

repolarization, negative, positive

45
Q

During the r___________ period a muscle fiber cannot be stimulated again
until repolarization is complete
*Repolarization only restores the electrical conditions of a positive
charge on the ____________ of sarcolemma and a negative charge on _______ of the sarcolemma

A

refractory, outside, inside

46
Q

Once an Action p_______ starts on muscle cell it is u unstoppable and results in the c___________ of a muscle fiber

A

potential, contraction

47
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling are the events that t__________ AP along the sarcolemma
*With (E-C) coupling, an AP is propagated along s______________

A

transmit, sarcolemma

48
Q

c__________ bridge formation occurs when a high-energy myosin head
attaches to the a_____ active site
*In the p________ stroke, the myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament
(actin) toward middle of the sarcomere
*Cross bridge d____________ results when ATP attaches to myosin
head, causing the cross bridge to detach
*c__________ of myosin head occurs when ATP “cocks” myosin head into
high-energy state

A

cross, actin, power, detachment, cocking

49
Q

m________ unit is the nerve-muscle functional unit

A

motor

50
Q

When a Motor unit transmits an AP, all the muscle fibers it
innervates c____________ simultaneously

A

contract

51
Q

in a s________ Motor Unit, the motor neuron can supply a few muscle cells
*Smaller motor units result in control that is more p_________.
In a l_______ Motor Unit, the motor neuron can supply several hundred muscle
cells
*Larger motor units produce greater f_______

A

small, precise, large, force

52
Q

Muscle t_____ occurs when a muscle fiber c______ quickly and then relaxes

A

twitch, contracts

53
Q

i___________ Muscle Twitch is not strong enough to do any useful work
because it is rapid and brief

A

individual

54
Q

Muscle contractions are graded in two ways by changing
1. f___________ of stimulation = wave summation
2. s________ (gym)
3.of stimulation = recruitment of motor units

A

frequency, strength

55
Q

The nervous system achieves a greater m__________ force by increasing the frequency of the firing rate of the motor n_______

A

muscular, neurons

56
Q

____ _________ occurs when stimulations are quickly delivered to a muscle fiber before it relaxes

A

wave summation

57
Q

r______________ is the result of change in stimulus strength
Recruitment controls the f_____ of contraction
1. By calling more and more m____ fibers into play
2. By calling more and more m______ units into play

A

recruitment, force, muscle, motor

58
Q

s___________ stimulus, the stimulus is not strong enough so no contractions are seen
*With a t__________ stimulus, the stimulus is strong enough to
cause the first observable contraction
*m__________ stimulus is the strongest stimulus and increases
maximum contractile force as all motor units have been
recruited

A

subthreshold, threshold, maximal

59
Q

in i___________ contractions, muscle contraction moves the load with the
same tension (actin slides past myosin)

A

Isotonic

60
Q

c_____________ contraction, the muscle shortens and does
work.
e___________ contraction, generates force as it lengthens

A

concentric, eccentric

61
Q

In i____________ contractions, the load is greater than the maximum tension the muscle can generate so the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens (cross bridges generate a force but do not move
actin filaments)

A

isometric

62
Q

 Creatine phosphate is a unique h_____ energy molecule
 Creatine phosphate is located in m_______ fibers and donates phosphate to A__P to form A__P

A

high, muscle, D, T

63
Q

v_______ exercise alters muscle chemistry for a muscle to return to its pre-exercise state

A

vigorous

64
Q

Force of Muscle Contraction is affected by four factors
1. n_______ of muscle fibers stimulated
2. Relative s_____ of fibers
3. f_______ of stimulation
4. d________ of muscle stretch

A

number, size, frequency, degree

65
Q

If muscles are maintained at optimal resting length, muscles c________
with greater f________

A

contract, force

66
Q

How fast they can contract = v________
How long they can continue to contract before they fatigue = d________

A

velocity, duration

67
Q

o___________ fibers = aerobic pathways
glycolytic fibers = a___________ glycolysis

A

oxidative, anaerobic

68
Q

g__________ dictate individual’s percentage of slow oxidative fibers, fast
oxidative fibers, or fast glycolytic fibers

A

genetics

69
Q

 s_____ oxidative fibers function in low-intensity, endurance type activities
 f__________ oxidative fibers function in medium-intensity activities
 Fast g__________ fibers function in short-term intense, powerful movements

A

slow, fast, glycolytic

70
Q

Muscles contract f_______ when no load is added

A

fastest

71
Q

With r____________, (military) more motor units are contracting and result in a faster and longer contraction

A

recruitment

72
Q

 a__________ Exercise leads to increased
1. Muscle capillaries
2. Number of mitochondria
3. Myoglobin synthesis
*So aerobic (Endurance) Exercise results in greater
1. e_________
2. s__________
3. r_______ to fatigue

A

aerobic, endurance, strength, resistance

73
Q

Resistance exercise (typically anaerobic) such as weight lifting or isometric exercises leads to muscle h__________ and leads to Increased
1. m_______________
2. Myofilaments
3. Glycogen stores
4. c___________ tissue
5. Muscle strength
6. m__________ size = muscle fiber diameter

A

hypertrophy, Mitochondria, connective, muscle

74
Q

Disuse a_________ is the d_____________ and loss of muscle mass
1. Due to i__________
2. Due to loss of neural s____________

A

atrophy, degeneration, immobilization, stimulation

75
Q

Smooth Muscle is found in walls of most hollow organs except h______
(hollow organ)

A

heart

76
Q

Smooth Muscle in Walls of
1. r______ tract
2. d________ tract
3. u__________ tract
4. r________ tract
5. Blood Vessel - All but smallest blood vessels contain smooth
muscle: capillary no smooth muscle

A

respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

77
Q

*In the l____________ layer of Smooth Muscle, fibers run parallel to
long axis of the organ and contraction causes the organ to shorten
*In the c___________ Layer of Smooth Muscle, fibers run around
circumference of the organ and contraction causes constriction of
the lumen

A

Longitudinal, Circular

78
Q

peristalsis is when alternate c_______ and relaxations of the layers m___ and squeeze substances through l_________ of hollow organs

A

contractions, mix, lumen

79
Q

v______________ are bulbous swellings that store and release neurotransmitters into wide synaptic clefts (diffuse junction)

A

Varicosities

80
Q

actin attaches (directly/indirectly) to the z disc and is (thick/thin) filament

A

directly, thin

81
Q

myosin is attached (directly/indirectly) to z disc by (tritin/titin) and is the (thick/thin) filament that had (globe/globular) heads

A

indirectly, titin, thick, globular

82
Q

the ___________ _____________ surrounds the myofibrils

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

*With _________ attachments, the connective tissue wrappings extend
beyond muscle as
1. If Ropelike it’s = _____
2. If Sheet-like it’s= ______________

A

indirect, tendon, aponeuroses

84
Q

what is the name for the physiological ability to contract, even though the muscle still may be receiving stimuli and occurs when there are ionic imbalances (high levels of calcium, phosphate, and salt)

A

muscle fatigue

85
Q

which vertebral component is the largest

A

lumbar

86
Q

during a contraction what happens?

A

sarcomere shortens and actin and myosin overlap

87
Q

The end product of anaerobic respiration is (glucose and acid)

A

glycolysis and lactic acid

88
Q

the end product of aerobic respiration is

A

ATP

89
Q

direct phosphorylation produces

A

new ATP molecules

90
Q

EPOC stands for and represents what

A

Excessive PostExercise Oxygen Consumption

amount of oxygen needed for aerobic activity-amount of oxygen actually used

91
Q

Fontinelles connect ______ bones

A

skull

92
Q

what is a motor unit (equation)

A

motor neuron + muscle involved

93
Q

what must be present for a sliding filament to work?

A

Ca2+ (calcium)

94
Q

parts of the pubic area

A

iliac crest, ilium, ischium

A&P Test 3 (5 decks)

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