ch. 6 terms Flashcards
The human skeleton initially consists of just _______ Cartilage, which is replaced by _____ except in areas requiring _______
hyaline, bones, flexibility
_______ Cartilage is highly resilient and consists primarily of ______, and contains no blood vessels making it _________
hyaline, water, avascular
_______ (surrounding cartilage) is a layer of Dense CT that surrounds cartilage, and contains ______ vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage
perichondrium, blood
cartilage is made up of ___________cytes
chondrocytes
__________cytes are cells encased in small cavities (________) within jelly-like extracellular matrix
chondrocytes, lacunae
3 types of cartilage are:
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage provides support, _________ and resilience, is the most _________ type of cartilage, and only contains ________ fibers
flexibility, abundant, collagen
hyaline cartilage is found in _______ cartilage, ______ cartilage, __________ cartilage, _________ cartilage (A.C.R.N)
articular, costal, respiratory, nasal
________ cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers, and is found in the external _____, and _________
elastic, external ear, epiglottis
________cartilage contains thick collagen fibers and has great tensile strength, and is found in the ________ of knee, ________ discs, and _________ symphysis
fibrocartilage, menisci, intervertebral, pubic
the function of bones are: S.P.A.M storage.B cell formation.Triglyceride storage.H production
sam payed andrew money before the holiday
support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood, hormone
______ attach muscles to bones
tendons
ligaments attach _______ to bones
bones
______ storage makes bones reservoirs for minerals such as calcium, and phosphorus
mineral
There are _____________ deposits and withdrawals of Ca/P to bone ______
continual, matrix
m___________ bone matrix stores important growth factors
mineralized
Blood cell formation = __________________
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation occurs in ___ bone marrow of s_______ bone in certain bones and includes the production of ______, _____, platelets
red, spongy, RBC, WBC
Triglyceride (fat) storage is stored in _______ cavity
Stored fat is used for an ________ source and is called ______ blood marrow
medullary, energy, yellow
osteo_____ is a hormone secreted by bones that helps to regulate: ______ secretion, ______ levels and metabolism
osteocalcin, insulin, glucose
there are ____ bones in the body
206
the bones are divided into ____________ skeleton and __________ skeleton
axial, appendicular
_______ skeleton is the bones of the long axis of body containing the _____, __________ column and _____ cage
axial, skull, vertebral, rib
Appendicular skeleton consists of
1. ______ of upper and lower limbs
2. ______ and ____ Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
bones, pelvic, pectoral
Long bones are _______ than they are wide
longer
Short bones are ______-shaped bones
cube
s__________ bones form w/in tendons and are a type of short bone
sesamoid
______ bones are thin, flat, slightly ______ bones
Examples include sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most skull bones
thin, curved
________ bones have ___________ shapes
Examples are vertebrae, hip bones, and facial bones
irregular, complicated
The _______ Structure of all Bones consist of compact Bone sandwiching ______ Bone
gross, spongy
________ are organs because they contain 2 or more different types of ______
bones, tissues
Bone or _______ tissue predominates but a bone also has nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, _____ cells, and ________ cells that surround blood vessels
osseous, muscle, epithelial
c______ bone forms the dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid and the structural units of compact bone are o________
compact, osteons
s________ bone is made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called __________
spongy, trabeculae
trabeculae are the structural and functional unit of _____ bone and the open spaces between individual trabeculae are filled with _____ or ______ bone
marrow
spongy, red, yellow
short, _______, ____ Bones consist of thin plates of spongy bone (diploe)
covered by compact bone where ____ bone marrow is found
irregular, flat, red
__________ covers the outside of compact bone
periosteum
e__________ is CT that covers internal bone structures and also covers trabeculae
endosteum
_________ cartilage covers the area of the bone at the _______
hyaline, joint
All long bones have
1. A shaft = ________
2. Bone ends = ______
3. membranes
Diaphysis, Epiphysis
d_________ is the tubular shaft that forms the long axis of bone, consists mostly of compact bone, surrounds the central m_________ cavity that is filled with __________ marrow in adults
diaphysis, medullar, yellow
___________ are the ends of long bones that consist of c_______ bone externally and spongy bone internally
epiphysis, compact
The epiphyseal ____ is between diaphysis and epiphysis
line
___________ plate (growth plate) where bone growth occurs
epiphyseal
2 membrane types (P.E)
periosteum and endosteum
p__________ is glistening white dense irregular CT and it covers external bone surfaces except at joints where articular cartilage is located and it also provides anchoring points for tendons and ______________
periosteum, ligaments
fibrous layer is the _______(inner/outer) layer of dense irregular CT with Perforating fibers that secure fibrous layer to ______ matrix
outer, bone
the _________ layer is the inner layer next to bone that contains primitive osteogenic _____ cells that give rise to almost all bone cells except ________clasts and the osteogenic layer also contains ______ fibers and blood vessels that continue through nutrient foramens
osteogenic, stem, osteoclasts, nerve
e___________ is a delicate connective tissue membrane found
1. Covering ________ bone surface
2. Covers tabeculae of spongy bone
3. Lines Perforating ______ that pass through compact bone
endosteum, internal, canals
Endosteum also contains _____________ cells that can differentiate into other bone cells
osteogenic
h__________________ tissue in bones is the red bone marrow which is found within
1. t___________ cavities of spongy bone in epiphysis of long bone
2. diploe (spongy bone) of short bones, such as sternum
Hematopoietic, trabecular
Spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone contain ____ marrow where blood cells are produced
red
____ marrow is found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, and the proximal heads of the femur and humerus in adults
red
In adults, the tissue filling the _______ cavity of long bones is _______ marrow (fat/triglycerides)
medullary, yellow
In n______, red bone marrow is located in
*________ cavities of diaphysis
newborns, medullary
In adults, ___ bone marrow is located in heads of proximal epiphysis of the _____ and _______
red, femur, humerus
Bone m_______ serve as sites of muscles, _____, and ______ attachments to the bone, joint surfaces, and passageways for blood vessels and nerves
markings, ligament, tendon
3 types of markings are: (PDO)
projection, depression, opening
____________ are bone markings that bulge ______ and may be due to
*Increased _____ from muscle pull
* Modified surfaces where bones meet to form joints
projections, outwards, stress
___________ is a _____-like or groove-like cutout in bone that can play a role in joints
depression, bowl
o_________ cells are mitotically active stem cells found in the ____________ and endosteum
osteogenic, periosteum
When osteogenic cells are stimulated, they differentiate into ___________
osteoblasts
Osteoblasts ________ bone matrix called o______ that contains collagen and Ca binding proteins
secrete, osteoid
90% of the protein in bone matrix is ________
collagen
Osteoblast _______ the matrix until they are completely surrounded by the matrix then they become ___________ in a _________
secrete, osteocytes, lacunae
Osteocytes
*__________ bone matrix
*Act as ______ or strain sensors
* respond to mechanical stimuli
* communicate info to osteoblasts and __________ (cells that destroy bone) so bone ________ can occur
maintain, stress, osteoclasts, remodeling
o_________ are derived from same hematopoietic stem cells that become _________ (giant, multinucleate cells) and they also function in bone resorption (breakdown of bone matrix)
osteoclasts, macrophages
compact bone (lamellar bone) consists of
1. Osteon
2. Canals and _______
3. Interstitial _____
4. Circumferential ________
canaliculi, lamellae, lamellae
An o_____ is the _________ unit of compact bone and consists of an elongated cylinder that runs _________ to long axis of bone
osteon, structural, parallel
An osteon cylinder consists of several rings of ______ matrix called l______
bone, lamellae
bone salts, of mainly _______ and _______, are found between ______ fibers in the lamellae
Ca, P, collagen
c_______ canals run through center of osteons and contain blood vessels and nerve fibers whereas p___________ Canals run at right _______ to central canal and connect blood vessels and nerves of the
*Periosteum
*Medullary cavity
*Central canal
central, perforating, angles
________ are small cavities that contain osteocytes
lacunae
__________ are hair-like canals that
1. Connect lacunae to each other
2. Connect lacunae to central canal
3. Connect one _________ to another osteocyte
4. Allow _______________ between all osteocytes of osteon
5. Permit nutrients and ________ to be relayed from one cell to another
canaliculi, osteocyte, communication, wastes
___________ (intracelular/interstitial) lamellae is the lamellae that is found lying between the _______ and is not part of the osteon. Some Interstitial lamellae fill gaps between forming ______
interstitial, osteons, osteons
_____________ lamellae is located just _____ to periosteum but
superficial to endosteum and are layers of lamellae that extend around the circumference of ________ (diaphysis/epiphysis) and help resist the twisting of long bone
circumferential, deep, diaphysis
spongy bone appears poorly organized but is actually __________ along ______ lines to help bone resist any _______
organized, stress, stress
trabeculae are the structural unit of ________ bone and function to give strength to the ______
spongy, bone
Chemical Composition of Bone has __________ Components and _____________ Components
organic, inorganic
o_______ makes up ___ of organic portion of bone matrix and consists of
1. ground substance
2. ________ fibers
osteoid, 1/3, collagen
_______________ (mineral salts) makeup 2/3 of bone by mass
hydroxyapatites
___________ components consist of tiny Ca phosphate crystals in and around _________ fibers that are responsible for hardness and for resistance to compression
inorganic, collagen
_______ Components of Bone lasts long after death because of
________ components and can reveal information about ancient people
inorganic, mineral
Bone Development = ______________ = osteogenesis = Bone Formation
ossification
__________ (Osteogenesis) is the process of _____ tissue formation of the bony skeleton. it begins in the 2nd month of gestation, prenatal until early _________, and when in adults it serves mainly for bone ________ and _______
ossification, bone, adulthood, remodeling, repair
Before week 8 of pregnancy, the entire _________ skeleton consists of
1. fibrous membranes
2. __________ cartilage and around 8 weeks, _______ tissue begins to replace fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage
embryonic, hyaline, bone
_____________ (in cartilage) ossification occurs as bone forms by replacing _________ cartilage and the resulting bones are called Cartilage bone or ____________ bone
endochondral, hyaline, endochondral
the _________ Ossification Center is in the ______ of the diaphysis and the blood vessels infiltrate the peri_________ and convert it to periosteum
primary, center, perichondrium
Five Steps to Endochondral Ossification
1. Bone collar forms around __________ of cartilage model
2. Cartilage in center of diaphysis _______ and then develops cavities
3. Periosteal bud invades these cavities, leading to formation of
spongy bone
4. Diaphysis ______ and osteoclast hollow out ______ cavity and
5. When epiphyses are completely ossified, hyaline cartilage remains
only in the _______ plates and articular cartilages
diaphysis, calcifies, elongates, medullary, epiphyseal
Intramembranous ossification begins w/i fibrous CT
*Occurs as bone develops from ______ (nonfibrous/ fibrous) membranes
*Bones are called _______ bones
fibrous, membrane
Postnatal Bone Growth occurs as long bones grow __________ at the epiphyseal plate and bones increase in _________ through appositional growth and stop growing during _______ but some ________ bones continue to grow slowly through life
lengthwise, thickness, adolescence, facial
Longitudinal growth requires the presence of
__________hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate and occurs by pushing the epiphysis away from __________ ; near end of adolescence, chondroblasts divide less often and the epiphyseal plate thins as it is replaced by ___
epiphyseal, diaphysis, bone
Epiphyseal plate closure occurs when _______ and ______ fuse at this point, bone lengthening ceases; for women __ for men __
epiphysis, diaphysis, 18, 21
Appositional Bone Growth = Bone Growth in width = Bone Growth in _________
thickness
Bones thicken in response to increased
1. ________ from muscle activity
2. ________ weight
stress, added
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth is in Response to
_______ Hormone
_______ Hormone
___________ (m horm.)
________ (f horm.)
growth, thyroid, testosterone, estrogen
________ hormone is the most important hormone in stimulating _________ plate activity in infancy and childhood
growth, epiphyseal
___________ hormone modulates activity of growth hormone to ensure the ___________ maintains proper proportions
thyroid, skeleton
________ (m hrm.) and __________ (f horm.) promote adolescent
growth spurts
*Later, estrogens and testosterone end growth by inducing _________ plate closure
*Excesses or deficits of any of the hormones will cause ________ skeletal growth
testosterone, estrogen, epiphyseal, abnormal
About ____% of bone mass is recycled each week
*s________ bone is replaced ~ every 3-4 years
*c________ bone is replaced ~ every 10 years
5-7, spongy, compact
________ (compact bone)
___________ (spongy bone)
periosteum, endosteum
bone _______ occurs as new bone matrix is deposited by _____________
deposit, osteoblasts
Bone _________is the function of osteoclasts as they dig _______ or grooves and break down matrix
resorption, depressions
In Bone Resorption, osteoclasts secrete __________enzymes and H+ that
digest the matrix
*Osteoclasts phagocytize the demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes and release ____, ____,(elements) and other digested products into interstitial fluid and then into blood
*Once resorption is complete, osteoclasts undergo _____tosis
lysosomal, Ca, P, apoptosis
_________ hormone is the primary hormone to control Ca2⁺ in blood and is released when blood levels of calcium are ______
parathyroid, low
___________ is produced by the thyroid gland when blood levels of calcium are high
calcitonin
hypo___________ results from low levels of calcium that leads to hyper____________ meaning that nerve and skeletal impulses are up
hypocalcemia, hyperexcitability
hyper__________ results from high levels of calcium that leads to ____________ meaning that nerve and skeletal impulses are down
hypercalcemia, unresponsiveness
______ ____ states: Bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them
Bones are stressed when
1. ______ bears on them
2. _______ pull on them
3. gravity
Wolf’s Law, weight, muscle
Fractures are ________ in bones
*During youth, most fractures result from ________, twisting
*In old age, most result from _______ of bone due to bone _______
broken, trauma, weakness, thinning
Bone Repair Involves Four Stages
1. ___________ Formation
2. __________________ Callus Formation
3. boney Callus Formation
4. _____________
hematoma, fibrocartilaginous, remodeling
in _____________, (called ___________ in children results in _____ legs and other bone deformities) bones are ________ mineralized and this results in soft, _____ bones that cause _____ upon bearing ______ and are caused by _________ and ____ __ deficiencies
osteomalacia, Rickets, bowed, poorly, weak, pain, weight, Calcium, Vit. D
_________________ is a group of diseases in which bone _________ exceeds bone deposit
osteoporosis, resorption
skeletal muscle is found
In the skeleton
Cardiac muscle is found in the
Heart
Smooth muscle (visceral) is found in the
GI Tract, uterus, eyes, and blood vessels
