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A&P Test 3 > ch. 6 terms > Flashcards

ch. 6 terms Flashcards

1
Q

The human skeleton initially consists of just _______ Cartilage, which is replaced by _____ except in areas requiring _______

A

hyaline, bones, flexibility

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2
Q

_______ Cartilage is highly resilient and consists primarily of ______, and contains no blood vessels making it _________

A

hyaline, water, avascular

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3
Q

_______ (surrounding cartilage) is a layer of Dense CT that surrounds cartilage, and contains ______ vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

A

perichondrium, blood

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4
Q

cartilage is made up of ___________cytes

A

chondrocytes

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5
Q

__________cytes are cells encased in small cavities (________) within jelly-like extracellular matrix

A

chondrocytes, lacunae

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6
Q

3 types of cartilage are:

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage provides support, _________ and resilience, is the most _________ type of cartilage, and only contains ________ fibers

A

flexibility, abundant, collagen

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8
Q

hyaline cartilage is found in _______ cartilage, ______ cartilage, __________ cartilage, _________ cartilage (A.C.R.N)

A

articular, costal, respiratory, nasal

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9
Q

________ cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers, and is found in the external _____, and _________

A

elastic, external ear, epiglottis

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10
Q

________cartilage contains thick collagen fibers and has great tensile strength, and is found in the ________ of knee, ________ discs, and _________ symphysis

A

fibrocartilage, menisci, intervertebral, pubic

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11
Q

the function of bones are: S.P.A.M storage.B cell formation.Triglyceride storage.H production

sam payed andrew money before the holiday

A

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood, hormone

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12
Q

______ attach muscles to bones

A

tendons

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13
Q

ligaments attach _______ to bones

A

bones

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14
Q

______ storage makes bones reservoirs for minerals such as calcium, and phosphorus

A

mineral

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15
Q

There are _____________ deposits and withdrawals of Ca/P to bone ______

A

continual, matrix

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16
Q

m___________ bone matrix stores important growth factors

A

mineralized

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17
Q

Blood cell formation = __________________

A

Hematopoiesis

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18
Q

blood cell formation occurs in ___ bone marrow of s_______ bone in certain bones and includes the production of ______, _____, platelets

A

red, spongy, RBC, WBC

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19
Q

Triglyceride (fat) storage is stored in _______ cavity
 Stored fat is used for an ________ source and is called ______ blood marrow

A

medullary, energy, yellow

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20
Q

osteo_____ is a hormone secreted by bones that helps to regulate: ______ secretion, ______ levels and metabolism

A

osteocalcin, insulin, glucose

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21
Q

there are ____ bones in the body

A

206

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22
Q

the bones are divided into ____________ skeleton and __________ skeleton

A

axial, appendicular

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23
Q

_______ skeleton is the bones of the long axis of body containing the _____, __________ column and _____ cage

A

axial, skull, vertebral, rib

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24
Q

Appendicular skeleton consists of
1. ______ of upper and lower limbs
2. ______ and ____ Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

A

bones, pelvic, pectoral

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25
Q

Long bones are _______ than they are wide

A

longer

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26
Q

Short bones are ______-shaped bones

A

cube

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27
Q

s__________ bones form w/in tendons and are a type of short bone

A

sesamoid

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28
Q

______ bones are thin, flat, slightly ______ bones

Examples include sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most skull bones

A

thin, curved

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29
Q

________ bones have ___________ shapes

Examples are vertebrae, hip bones, and facial bones

A

irregular, complicated

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30
Q

The _______ Structure of all Bones consist of compact Bone sandwiching ______ Bone

A

gross, spongy

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31
Q

________ are organs because they contain 2 or more different types of ______

A

bones, tissues

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32
Q

Bone or _______ tissue predominates but a bone also has nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, _____ cells, and ________ cells that surround blood vessels

A

osseous, muscle, epithelial

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33
Q

c______ bone forms the dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid and the structural units of compact bone are o________

A

compact, osteons

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34
Q

s________ bone is made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called __________

A

spongy, trabeculae

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35
Q

trabeculae are the structural and functional unit of _____ bone and the open spaces between individual trabeculae are filled with _____ or ______ bone
marrow

A

spongy, red, yellow

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36
Q

short, _______, ____ Bones consist of thin plates of spongy bone (diploe)
covered by compact bone where ____ bone marrow is found

A

irregular, flat, red

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37
Q

__________ covers the outside of compact bone

A

periosteum

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38
Q

e__________ is CT that covers internal bone structures and also covers trabeculae

A

endosteum

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39
Q

_________ cartilage covers the area of the bone at the _______

A

hyaline, joint

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40
Q

All long bones have
1. A shaft = ________
2. Bone ends = ______
3. membranes

A

Diaphysis, Epiphysis

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41
Q

d_________ is the tubular shaft that forms the long axis of bone, consists mostly of compact bone, surrounds the central m_________ cavity that is filled with __________ marrow in adults

A

diaphysis, medullar, yellow

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42
Q

___________ are the ends of long bones that consist of c_______ bone externally and spongy bone internally

A

epiphysis, compact

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43
Q

The epiphyseal ____ is between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

line

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44
Q

___________ plate (growth plate) where bone growth occurs

A

epiphyseal

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45
Q

2 membrane types (P.E)

A

periosteum and endosteum

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46
Q

p__________ is glistening white dense irregular CT and it covers external bone surfaces except at joints where articular cartilage is located and it also provides anchoring points for tendons and ______________

A

periosteum, ligaments

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47
Q

fibrous layer is the _______(inner/outer) layer of dense irregular CT with Perforating fibers that secure fibrous layer to ______ matrix

A

outer, bone

48
Q

the _________ layer is the inner layer next to bone that contains primitive osteogenic _____ cells that give rise to almost all bone cells except ________clasts and the osteogenic layer also contains ______ fibers and blood vessels that continue through nutrient foramens

A

osteogenic, stem, osteoclasts, nerve

49
Q

e___________ is a delicate connective tissue membrane found
1. Covering ________ bone surface
2. Covers tabeculae of spongy bone
3. Lines Perforating ______ that pass through compact bone

A

endosteum, internal, canals

50
Q

Endosteum also contains _____________ cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

A

osteogenic

51
Q

h__________________ tissue in bones is the red bone marrow which is found within
1. t___________ cavities of spongy bone in epiphysis of long bone
2. diploe (spongy bone) of short bones, such as sternum

A

Hematopoietic, trabecular

52
Q

Spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone contain ____ marrow where blood cells are produced

A

red

53
Q

____ marrow is found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, and the proximal heads of the femur and humerus in adults

A

red

54
Q

In adults, the tissue filling the _______ cavity of long bones is _______ marrow (fat/triglycerides)

A

medullary, yellow

55
Q

In n______, red bone marrow is located in
*________ cavities of diaphysis

A

newborns, medullary

56
Q

In adults, ___ bone marrow is located in heads of proximal epiphysis of the _____ and _______

A

red, femur, humerus

57
Q

Bone m_______ serve as sites of muscles, _____, and ______ attachments to the bone, joint surfaces, and passageways for blood vessels and nerves

A

markings, ligament, tendon

58
Q

3 types of markings are: (PDO)

A

projection, depression, opening

59
Q

____________ are bone markings that bulge ______ and may be due to
*Increased _____ from muscle pull
* Modified surfaces where bones meet to form joints

A

projections, outwards, stress

60
Q

___________ is a _____-like or groove-like cutout in bone that can play a role in joints

A

depression, bowl

61
Q

o_________ cells are mitotically active stem cells found in the ____________ and endosteum

A

osteogenic, periosteum

62
Q

When osteogenic cells are stimulated, they differentiate into ___________

A

osteoblasts

63
Q

Osteoblasts ________ bone matrix called o______ that contains collagen and Ca binding proteins

A

secrete, osteoid

64
Q

90% of the protein in bone matrix is ________

A

collagen

65
Q

Osteoblast _______ the matrix until they are completely surrounded by the matrix then they become ___________ in a _________

A

secrete, osteocytes, lacunae

66
Q

Osteocytes
*__________ bone matrix
*Act as ______ or strain sensors
* respond to mechanical stimuli
* communicate info to osteoblasts and __________ (cells that destroy bone) so bone ________ can occur

A

maintain, stress, osteoclasts, remodeling

67
Q

o_________ are derived from same hematopoietic stem cells that become _________ (giant, multinucleate cells) and they also function in bone resorption (breakdown of bone matrix)

A

osteoclasts, macrophages

68
Q

compact bone (lamellar bone) consists of
1. Osteon
2. Canals and _______
3. Interstitial _____
4. Circumferential ________

A

canaliculi, lamellae, lamellae

69
Q

An o_____ is the _________ unit of compact bone and consists of an elongated cylinder that runs _________ to long axis of bone

A

osteon, structural, parallel

70
Q

An osteon cylinder consists of several rings of ______ matrix called l______

A

bone, lamellae

71
Q

bone salts, of mainly _______ and _______, are found between ______ fibers in the lamellae

A

Ca, P, collagen

72
Q

c_______ canals run through center of osteons and contain blood vessels and nerve fibers whereas p___________ Canals run at right _______ to central canal and connect blood vessels and nerves of the
*Periosteum
*Medullary cavity
*Central canal

A

central, perforating, angles

73
Q

________ are small cavities that contain osteocytes

A

lacunae

74
Q

__________ are hair-like canals that
1. Connect lacunae to each other
2. Connect lacunae to central canal
3. Connect one _________ to another osteocyte
4. Allow _______________ between all osteocytes of osteon
5. Permit nutrients and ________ to be relayed from one cell to another

A

canaliculi, osteocyte, communication, wastes

75
Q

___________ (intracelular/interstitial) lamellae is the lamellae that is found lying between the _______ and is not part of the osteon. Some Interstitial lamellae fill gaps between forming ______

A

interstitial, osteons, osteons

76
Q

_____________ lamellae is located just _____ to periosteum but
superficial to endosteum and are layers of lamellae that extend around the circumference of ________ (diaphysis/epiphysis) and help resist the twisting of long bone

A

circumferential, deep, diaphysis

77
Q

spongy bone appears poorly organized but is actually __________ along ______ lines to help bone resist any _______

A

organized, stress, stress

78
Q

trabeculae are the structural unit of ________ bone and function to give strength to the ______

A

spongy, bone

79
Q

Chemical Composition of Bone has __________ Components and _____________ Components

A

organic, inorganic

80
Q

o_______ makes up ___ of organic portion of bone matrix and consists of
1. ground substance
2. ________ fibers

A

osteoid, 1/3, collagen

81
Q

_______________ (mineral salts) makeup 2/3 of bone by mass

A

hydroxyapatites

82
Q

___________ components consist of tiny Ca phosphate crystals in and around _________ fibers that are responsible for hardness and for resistance to compression

A

inorganic, collagen

83
Q

_______ Components of Bone lasts long after death because of
________ components and can reveal information about ancient people

A

inorganic, mineral

84
Q

Bone Development = ______________ = osteogenesis = Bone Formation

A

ossification

85
Q

__________ (Osteogenesis) is the process of _____ tissue formation of the bony skeleton. it begins in the 2nd month of gestation, prenatal until early _________, and when in adults it serves mainly for bone ________ and _______

A

ossification, bone, adulthood, remodeling, repair

86
Q

Before week 8 of pregnancy, the entire _________ skeleton consists of
1. fibrous membranes
2. __________ cartilage and around 8 weeks, _______ tissue begins to replace fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage

A

embryonic, hyaline, bone

87
Q

_____________ (in cartilage) ossification occurs as bone forms by replacing _________ cartilage and the resulting bones are called Cartilage bone or ____________ bone

A

endochondral, hyaline, endochondral

88
Q

the _________ Ossification Center is in the ______ of the diaphysis and the blood vessels infiltrate the peri_________ and convert it to periosteum

A

primary, center, perichondrium

89
Q

Five Steps to Endochondral Ossification
1. Bone collar forms around __________ of cartilage model
2. Cartilage in center of diaphysis _______ and then develops cavities
3. Periosteal bud invades these cavities, leading to formation of
spongy bone
4. Diaphysis ______ and osteoclast hollow out ______ cavity and
5. When epiphyses are completely ossified, hyaline cartilage remains
only in the _______ plates and articular cartilages

A

diaphysis, calcifies, elongates, medullary, epiphyseal

90
Q

Intramembranous ossification begins w/i fibrous CT
*Occurs as bone develops from ______ (nonfibrous/ fibrous) membranes
*Bones are called _______ bones

A

fibrous, membrane

91
Q

Postnatal Bone Growth occurs as long bones grow __________ at the epiphyseal plate and bones increase in _________ through appositional growth and stop growing during _______ but some ________ bones continue to grow slowly through life

A

lengthwise, thickness, adolescence, facial

92
Q

Longitudinal growth requires the presence of
__________hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate and occurs by pushing the epiphysis away from __________ ; near end of adolescence, chondroblasts divide less often and the epiphyseal plate thins as it is replaced by ___

A

epiphyseal, diaphysis, bone

93
Q

Epiphyseal plate closure occurs when _______ and ______ fuse at this point, bone lengthening ceases; for women __ for men __

A

epiphysis, diaphysis, 18, 21

94
Q

Appositional Bone Growth = Bone Growth in width = Bone Growth in _________

A

thickness

95
Q

Bones thicken in response to increased
1. ________ from muscle activity
2. ________ weight

A

stress, added

96
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth is in Response to
_______ Hormone
_______ Hormone
___________ (m horm.)
________ (f horm.)

A

growth, thyroid, testosterone, estrogen

97
Q

________ hormone is the most important hormone in stimulating _________ plate activity in infancy and childhood

A

growth, epiphyseal

98
Q

___________ hormone modulates activity of growth hormone to ensure the ___________ maintains proper proportions

A

thyroid, skeleton

99
Q

________ (m hrm.) and __________ (f horm.) promote adolescent
growth spurts
*Later, estrogens and testosterone end growth by inducing _________ plate closure
*Excesses or deficits of any of the hormones will cause ________ skeletal growth

A

testosterone, estrogen, epiphyseal, abnormal

100
Q

About ____% of bone mass is recycled each week
*s________ bone is replaced ~ every 3-4 years
*c________ bone is replaced ~ every 10 years

A

5-7, spongy, compact

101
Q

________ (compact bone)
___________ (spongy bone)

A

periosteum, endosteum

102
Q

bone _______ occurs as new bone matrix is deposited by _____________

A

deposit, osteoblasts

103
Q

Bone _________is the function of osteoclasts as they dig _______ or grooves and break down matrix

A

resorption, depressions

104
Q

In Bone Resorption, osteoclasts secrete __________enzymes and H+ that
digest the matrix
*Osteoclasts phagocytize the demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes and release ____, ____,(elements) and other digested products into interstitial fluid and then into blood
*Once resorption is complete, osteoclasts undergo _____tosis

A

lysosomal, Ca, P, apoptosis

105
Q

_________ hormone is the primary hormone to control Ca2⁺ in blood and is released when blood levels of calcium are ______

A

parathyroid, low

106
Q

___________ is produced by the thyroid gland when blood levels of calcium are high

A

calcitonin

107
Q

hypo___________ results from low levels of calcium that leads to hyper____________ meaning that nerve and skeletal impulses are up

A

hypocalcemia, hyperexcitability

108
Q

hyper__________ results from high levels of calcium that leads to ____________ meaning that nerve and skeletal impulses are down

A

hypercalcemia, unresponsiveness

109
Q

______ ____ states: Bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them

Bones are stressed when
1. ______ bears on them
2. _______ pull on them
3. gravity

A

Wolf’s Law, weight, muscle

110
Q

Fractures are ________ in bones
*During youth, most fractures result from ________, twisting
*In old age, most result from _______ of bone due to bone _______

A

broken, trauma, weakness, thinning

111
Q

Bone Repair Involves Four Stages
1. ___________ Formation
2. __________________ Callus Formation
3. boney Callus Formation
4. _____________

A

hematoma, fibrocartilaginous, remodeling

112
Q

in _____________, (called ___________ in children results in _____ legs and other bone deformities) bones are ________ mineralized and this results in soft, _____ bones that cause _____ upon bearing ______ and are caused by _________ and ____ __ deficiencies

A

osteomalacia, Rickets, bowed, poorly, weak, pain, weight, Calcium, Vit. D

113
Q

_________________ is a group of diseases in which bone _________ exceeds bone deposit

A

osteoporosis, resorption

114
Q

skeletal muscle is found

A

In the skeleton

115
Q

Cardiac muscle is found in the

A

Heart

116
Q

Smooth muscle (visceral) is found in the

A

GI Tract, uterus, eyes, and blood vessels

A&P Test 3 (5 decks)

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