Ch 9 Social Influence, 10 Relationships and Attraction, 11 Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination Flashcards
What is social influence?
ways that people affect one another through changing attitudes, beliefs, feelings, or behaviors
3 types of social influence
conformity, compliance, obedience
conformity
do as others do, changing behavior in response to explicit or implicit pressure
compliance
do as others want, changing behavior in response to explicit requests from others
obedience
do as other command, changing behavior in response to a person with authority over you
what are the 2 explanations for why people mimic others?
ideomotor action (thinking about it more, behavior brought to mind) and preparation for social interaction (more prosocial)
informative social influence
uses other behaviors as valid information about what is appropriate, leads to internalization of majority opinion/ behavior, and actually changes attitude or beliefs
normative social influence
using others be
havior as guides for how to fit in and avoid disapproval, leads to temporary public conformity w/ major opinion/ behavior w/out change in attitudes or beliefs
What were the differences between Sherif’s conformity study and Asch’s conformity study?
Sherif’s Autokinetic study had an ambiguous answer and the answers converged; Asch’s line study had a clear correct answer
factors that influence conformity
group size, unanimity, anonymity, expertise & status, independent vs interdependent cultures, and gender
3 types of reason based compliance
door in the face, that’s not all and, foot in the door
door in the face
requesting a very large favor that you know the target will decline and then making a more modest request
that’s not all
adding something to the original offer making the add on feel like a gift, eliciting norm or reciprocity
foot in the door
make a small initial request that anyone would agree to then follow up with a large request for what you want (consistent self image)
emotion based compliance
positive and negative moods increase compliance
negative state relief hypothesis
people engage in certain actions to relieve their negative feelings and feel better about themselves
norm based compliance
explicit request or implicit suggestion to conform to those around you
descriptive norm
objective factual descriptive of what most people do
prescriptive norm
what most people should do according to some rule or tradition
What factors decreased obedience in Milgrim’s study?
Closer to learner/more salient and authority further/ less salient
Why was Milgrims’s study ideal for obedience?
experimenter takes responsibility for the outcome, step-by-step involvement (shock goes up by 10), and participants had lack of practice disobeying authority
exchange relationships
have interactions based on equity and reciporcity, input: output equal, short term relationships
communal relationships
interaction based on sense of oneness, input does not have to equal output, long term relationships
social exchange theory
people tend to seek out interactions that have more rewards than costs, or have the smallest amount of “excess cost” possible
equity theory
people are motivated to pursue fairness in relationships, so rewards and costs are shared roughly equally
attachment theory
early attachments with our parents shape our relationships for the rest of our lives
What are the 3 main attachment styles?
secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant
functional distance
how close you are to someone in terms of interaction opportunities
mere exposure effect
the more you’re exposed to something the more you like it
three factors influencing commitment
relationship satisfaction, quality of alternatives, investments
four horsemen of the apocalypse
4 behaviors that can predict divorce w/ 93% accuracy; criticism, defensiveness, contempt, stonewalling
stereotype
beliefs that certain attitudes are characteristics of members of a particular group (schema)
prejudice
attitude or affective response (positive or negative) toward a group and its members (attitude)
discrimination
favorable or unfavorable treatment of individuals based on their group membership (behavior)
traditional racism
prejudice against a racial group that is explicitly acknowledged and expressed by the individual
modern racism
prejudice directed at racial groups that exist simultaneously w/ the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs
priming and implicit prejudice
priming uses mental activation of associated concepts to measure how quickly a person responds
affect misattribution procedure
measures how people evaluate a stimulus after a prime
realistic group conflict theory
when groups compete for limited resources these groups experience conflict, prejudice, and discrimination
minimal group paradigm
researchers create groups based on meaningless criteria to see if they can get people to develop intergroup bias
boosting status of ingroup
when given the chance to distribute rewards across ingroup AND outgroup, individuals want their ingroup to have more than the outgroup
ingroup bias
identity related self esteem based in part on group membership, we are motivated to boose the status of our ingroups
outgroup derogation
we are motivated to diminish the status of outgroups
basking in reflected glory
taking pride in the accomplishments of those we feel associated with in some way
outgroup homogeneity effect
tendency to assume that members of outgroups are “all alike” whereas members of ingroups have differences
attributional ambiguity
members of a stigmatized group are uncertain if negative or positive behaviors toward them due to prejudice or some unrelated factor
