Ch 12 Groups, 13 Aggression, 14 Altruism

Question 1

social facilitation

Answer 1

the effect of the presence of others on performance, better or worse depends on what you’re doing

Question 2

social facilitation (+)

Answer 2

having people around enhances performance

Question 3

social unfacilitation (-)

Answer 3

having people around impedes performance

Question 4

when does social facilitation happen?

Answer 4

when performing a simple a well learned task

Question 5

when does social unfacilitation happen?

Answer 5

when performing a difficult or novel (new) task

Question 6

why were participants performances in Michaels 1982 study affected by the presence of researchers?

Answer 6

evaluation apprehension (evaluate give is increased arousal and we don’t want to look bad), mere presence (make use very alert)

Question 7

social loafing

Answer 7

exerting less effort when working on a group task where individual contribution can’t be monitored due to the presence of others

Question 8

When do groups make better decisions?

Answer 8

if the problem is a precise factual answer

Question 9

groupthink

Answer 9

thinking where maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering facts ina realistic manner

Question 10

what are the symptoms of groupthink?

Answer 10

illusion of vulnerability, collective rationalization, pressure on dissenters, and illusion of unanimity

Question 11

Ways to prevent groupthink

Answer 11

impartial leaders, members seek divergent opinions, subgroup that meet beforehand, seek anonymous opinions

Question 12

Risky shift

Answer 12

when a person alters their decision making to more extreme choices while part of a group

Question 13

approach inhibition theory of power

Answer 13

power comes with a sense of control and freedom

Question 14

group polarization

Answer 14

group decisions tend to be more extreme than those made by individuals

Question 15

deindividuation

Answer 15

reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by increased impulsive behavior that occurs when people are in large groups

Question 16

self awareness theory

Answer 16

when people focus attention on themselves they become concerned w/ self evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to internal standards and values

Question 17

individuation

Answer 17

enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self

Question 18

spotlight effect

Answer 18

the assumption that our own appearance and behaviors are being carefully scrutinized by others when they are not

Question 19

aggression

Answer 19

any act with the intent to harm

Question 20

hostile aggression

Answer 20

motivated by the emotional response of wanting to hurt the other person

Question 21

instrumental aggression

Answer 21

motivated by something other than hostility, like attention, acquiring resources, or advancing a cause

Question 22

situation determinants of aggression

Answer 22

hot weather, media violence, social rejection, and income inequality

Question 23

How does a situation influence aggression?

Answer 23

through construal

Question 24

dehumanization

Answer 24

tendency to attribute nonhuman characteristics to outgroup members

Question 25

2 types of dehumanization

Answer 25

human nature, and human uniqueness

Question 26

catharsis

Answer 26

release of strong emotion to purge oneself of an impulse to behave inappropriately

Question 27

does catharsis decrease/ release anger?

Answer 27

no, it increases it

Question 28

culture of honor

Answer 28

members have strong concerns about their own and others reputations leading to hypersensitivity to insult and willingness. use violence to avenge insult or any perceived wrong

Question 29

misperception of opponents attitudes

Answer 29

participants estimated that their opponent's attitudes were more extreme than they were

Question 30

reactive devaluation

Answer 30

when we attach less value to an offer in a negotiation simply bec it was offered

Question 31

simplistic reasoning in politics

Answer 31

extremists have less complex attitudes/beliefs attitudes than moderates, politicians are simple and more extreme while campaigning and more complex when in office

Question 32

prosocial behavior

Answer 32

any action that helps another person regardless of motives

Question 33

altruism

Answer 33

unselfish, selfless, or other other-oriented behavior that benefits others w/out regard for consequences for oneself

Question 34

selfish motives for prosocial behavior

Answer 34

social rewards, positive attention that they will get from others, seeing other people suffer makes you upset (eliminates personal distress)

Question 35

Altruistic motives for prosocial behavior

Answer 35

genuinely identifying, feeling/ understanding what they're experiencing and truly wanting to help others

Question 36

situational determinant to prosocial behavior

Answer 36

being busy, presence of others, ambiguous situation, and victim characteristics

Question 37

bystander intervention

Answer 37

when people observing an emergency intervene and help the victim

Question 38

bystander effect

Answer 38

people are less likely to help other when others are present

Question 39

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 39

people assume others will help, so they done have to do anything

Question 40

how does ambiguity of a situation affect altruism

Answer 40

people are more likely to other who clearly need help, bystanders are more likely to help when they are aware the event that led to the victims' distress

Question 41

how do the victims characteristics affect altruism

Answer 41

if the victim is more similar tot the bystander the bystander will be more likely to help

Question 42

how does community type affect altruism

Answer 42

people in rural areas report more empathetic concern then people in urban areas, the smaller the community the larger the effect

Question 43

why do people in urban areas report fewer empathetic concern?

Answer 43

stimulus overload in bigger cities, greater diversity (people less similar), diffusion of responsibility

Question 44

how does social class affect altruism?

Answer 44

people making less (~25k) give a greater percentage of money the those who make more (>100k)

Question 45

religion and prosocial behavior

Answer 45

most religions emphasize prosocial behavior and try to motivate it by increasing empathetic concern for others

Question 46

kin selection

Answer 46

tendency for natural selection to favor behaviors that increase the chance of survival of genetic relatives

Question 47

reciprocal altruism

Answer 47

tendency to help other expecting that they will help sometime later in the future