Ch 6 Emotions, 7 Attitude, 8 Persuasion Flashcards
Describe emotions
brief and specific psychological and physiological responses
How are moods and emotional disorders different than emotions?
moods may not have a specific reason, emotional disorders have biological underpinnings; moods last hours or days and emotional disorders last weeks, months or years
What is the universality of emotions?
emotional responses are innate and universal, all humans have the same face muscles and express emotions similarly
What are the 6 universal emotions?
happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, and anger
How emotions culturally specific?
they can be shown more in the eyes or mouth in different cultures; focal and ideal emotions and display rules
What are the purpose of emotions?
they help us interpret out environment and can prompt us to act
What are focal emotions?
the emotions that are commonly in a culture ex Mexico-pride Tibet-compassions
What are ideal emotions?
the emotions cultures differently value or idealize ex US-excitement East Asia-calmness
What are display rule?
rules that govern how, when and to whom people express emotions
How do emotions influence perception?
we perceive events in ways that are constant with the emotions we feel in the moment
What is the broaden and build hypothesis?
positive emotions broaden our thoughts and. actions, intellectual resources build social resources
What is the social intuitionist model of moral judgement?
people have automatic emotional reactions to moral situation which guide moral reactions
What is the moral foundation theory?
we asses the morality of behavior based on 5 dimensions
affective forecasting
predicting future emotions from an event and and for how long
immune neglect
tendency to underestimate our resilience during negative life events (assume things are going to be worse)
focalism
tendency to focus on only 1 aspect of an experience or event when trying to predict future emotions
duration neglect
length of emotional experience has very little influence on our evaluation of experience
What factors predict happiness?
money (to a certain extent) and social relationships
peak moment/ end moment
we remembers the best thing that happens and last things that happens and if those are strong can predict happiness
What is an attitude?
an evaluation of an object or behavior in a positive of negative way
ABC of attitude
affect (emotional reaction), behavior (knowledge about interactions), cognition (thoughts about attitude)
explicit methods of measuring attitudes
getting a direct response like self reporting
implicit attitudes measuring attitudes
indirect measure of attitudes that does not involves self reporting and looks are response time
response latency
amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus
what is the link between attitude and behavior
weak link, expressed attitudes don’t predict actual behavior
Introspection is misleading
introspective contamination affects attitudes (justification)
mismatch between general attitudes and specific targets
general attitudes do not predict specific behaviors, general-general specific-specific
cognitive consistency theory
people are motivated to maintain consistency between thought, feelings and behaviors
cognitive dissonance theory
inconsistency between thought feelings and actions, leads to effort to restore consistency by either changing attitude or behavior
When does cognitive dissonance typically occur?
when making decisions, to justify effort, and when being forced
when does attitude-behavior inconsistency cause dissonance?
when given free choice, insufficient justification, negative consequences, and forseability
self perception theory
people know their attitudes by looking at their behavior and context to infer attitude
dual process model of persuasion
peripheral is fast, and automatic central is slower and more deliberate
low elaboration
not motivated to carefully think, process mindlessly and effortlessly
high elaboration
motivated and carefully think, process messages deeply and attentively
factors influencing central processing
personally relevant, knowledgable, argument quality
factors influencing peripheral processing
issue not personally relevant, tired or distracted, message hard to understand, source attractiveness or expertise
identifiable victim effect
messages that focus on a single vivid individual are more persuasive than fact based messages
attention bias
people seek out info that supports preexisting attitudes and avoid info that contradicts
previous commitment resistance to persuasion
publicly committing to an attitude or intended behavior increases resistance to change
thought polarization
think about an issue tends to produce more extreme resistant attitudes
attitude inoculation
resisting a small attack on our attitude makes us feel better able to resist a larger attack
Halo effect
People you like are assumed to have other good qualities
Sleeper effect
When a message an unreliable source is rejected at first and as time goes on you forget the source but remember the message
Self validation hypothesis
Feeling of confidence about our thoughts serve as a form of validation
Agenda control
Media contributes to shaping the information we think is true and important
Shared attention
When people believe they are attending to a message simultaneously w/ other people they process it more deeply
