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Human Biology, 13th Edition - Sylvia S. Mader > Ch 9 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch 9 - Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ventilation, inspiration & expiration?

A

Ventilation is the term used for breathing. Inspiration = inhalation. Expiration = exhalation.

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2
Q

What is the anatomy of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx = where air and food enter (the throat)
Glottis (space between vocal cords)
Larynx (voice box)

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3
Q

What is the anatomy of the lower respiratory tract?

A 
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchus = passage of air to lungs
Bronchioles = passage of air to alveoli
Lung
Diaphragm
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4
Q

What type of membrane lines nasal cavities? What’s its role?

A

Mucous membrane. To trap dust and move it to the pharynx to swallow, cough up or spit out

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5
Q

What does the submucosa layer in the nasal cavities do?

A

Contains a large number of capillaries that help warm and moisten the incoming air.

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6
Q

Where are the odor receptors in the nasal cavities?

A

In the narrow upper recesses (cavities) there are special ciliated cells that act as odor receptors. This is interpreted as smell.

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7
Q

What other cavity in the skull does the nasal cavity connect with via small openings?

A

The sinuses

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8
Q

What are the auditory tubes connected to?

A

The nasopharynx and the middle ear. They’re also called eustachian tubes.

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9
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The throat where food and air from the nasal cavity pass

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10
Q

What is the larynx?

A

A passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea. It’s apex is the Adam’s apple. It’s also called the voice box.

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11
Q

What is the slit between the vocal cords called?

A

The glottis.

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12
Q

What makes sound?

A

When air is expelled through the glottis, the vocal chords vibrate

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13
Q

What connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

A

The trachea, which is separated from the esophagus (but runs parallel to it) by a muscular wall

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14
Q

What does the mucous membrane of the trachea contain?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells and goblet cells. Goblet cells excrete mucus. There is also cilia to sweep particles away from the lungs.

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15
Q

What is a tracheosectomy?

A

When a breathing tube is inserted by way of an incision made in the trachea

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16
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

The trachea divides into two parts, the right and left PRIMARY bronchi. The primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi, which divide further and further, eventually forming bronchioles.

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17
Q

What do bronchioles lead to?

A

Air pockets or sacs called alveoli where gas exchanges take place.

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18
Q

How many lobes do the right and left lung have? How many lobules?

A

Right = 3 lobes
Left = 2 lobes & space for heart
Each lobe is divided into lobules, and each lobule has a bronchioli serving many alveoli.

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19
Q

What are the lungs enclosed by?

A

Pleurae, two layers of serous membrane that produce serous fluid.

20
Q

What holds the two pleural layers together, and why does this matter?

A

Surface tension holds the layers together, and this means that the lungs MUST follow the movement of the thorax when breathing occurs.

21
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

When the pleural layers become inflamed, making breathing, sneezing and coughing painful because the layers rub against each other.

22
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

Between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

23
Q

What is surfactant?

A

A film of lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension of water to prevent the alveoli from closing.

24
Q

What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

When the lungs collapse in newborn babies who lack surfactant film.

25
Q

What are the steps during inspiration?

A
  1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles CONTRACT
  2. This broadens the rib cage and flattens the diaphragm, creating space in the thoracic cavity
  3. Since there’s more space for air to spread out, air pressure decreases
  4. Air flows into your lungs because air pressure in the alveoli is less than pressure outside the body (atmospheric pressure)
26
Q

What are the steps during expiration?

A
  1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles RELAX
  2. This pulls in the rib cage and the diaphragm creates a dome shape, decreasing space in the thoracic cavity
  3. Since there’s less space for air to spread out, air pressure increases
  4. Air flows out of your lungs because air pressure in the alveoli is greater than pressure outside the body (atmospheric pressure)
27
Q

What is the tidal volume of the lungs?

A

When we’re relaxed, this is the amount of air that moves in and out of our lungs with each breath (it’s only a small amount)

28
Q

What is vital capacity of the lungs?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
Or maximum inspiration + maximum expiration

29
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + RESIDUAL VOLUME

30
Q

How many more mL of air does forced inspiration add?

A

2,900 mL of inhaled air

31
Q

How many more mL of air does forced expiration take away?

A

1,400 mL of exhaled air

32
Q

What is dead air space?

A

Inhaled air that never reaches the lungs. It fills the nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. These passages aren’t used for gas exchange

33
Q

What part of the nervous system controls breathing? How?

A

The medulla oblongata (the respiratory control center), which also controls PNS and SNS. It sends out nerve signals to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles of the rib cage via intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve, causing inspiration to occur. When the respiratory center STOPS sending signals to the diaphragm and rib cage, the muscles relax and exhalation occurs.

34
Q

What signals tell the respiratory control center to stop sending nerve signals to the diaphragm for inspiration?

A

Stretch receptors in airway walls respond to increased pressure, which initiate inhibitory nerve impulses to the respiratory center. This temporarily stops the control center from sending out nerve signals so as to prevent excessive stretching of the elastic tissues of the lungs.

35
Q

What is SIDS

A

Sudden infant death syndrome, or crib death. Infant under 1 year stops breathing while sleeping, possibly due to miscommunication of the respiratory center of the brain and the lungs.

36
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Sensory receptors in the body that are sensitive to chemical composition of body fluids.

37
Q

What role do the carotid and aortic bodies play in chemical control of breathing?

A

These chemoreceptors aren’t strongly affected by low oxygen levels, but rather, they’re stimulated when the CO2 entering the blood is sufficient to change blood pH. When pH of blood becomes more acidic due to CO2, the respiratory center increases the rate and depth of breathing.

38
Q

What does external and internal respiration refer to?

A 
External = the exchange of gases in the lungs
Internal = the exchange of gases in body tissues
39
Q

What does diffusion look like during external respiration?

A

Exhalation: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the alveoli is greater than the PCO2 of atmospheric air. So carbon dioxide diffuses out of plasma (in capillaries) into the lungs.

Inhalation: The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the alveoli is less than the PO2 of atmospheric air, so oxygen diffuses into the lungs.

40
Q

What does diffusion look like during internal respiration?

A
  1. Oxygen diffuses out of blood and into the tissues because the PO2 of tissue fluid is lower than that of blood.
  2. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from tissues because the PCO2 of blood is lower than the PCO2 in tissue fluid.
41
Q

Why is the enzyme carbonic anhydrase important in internal and external respiration?

A

Because it speeds up the breakdown of carbonic acid (H2CO3) into H2O and CO2 in red blood cells during external respiration.

It also speeds up the formation of H2CO3 in red bloods cells during internal respiration by combining CO2 and H2O.

42
Q

What are URIs, and what are some common ones?

A

Upper respiratory tract infections. They can spread from the nasal cavities to the sinuses, middle ears, and larynx. Some common ones are:

  1. Sinusitis = when nasal congestion blocks the tiny openings leading to the sinuses. Postnasal discharge and facial pain.
  2. Otitis Media (ear infections) = nasal infections can spread by way of the auditory tube from the nasopharynx to the ear
  3. Tonsillitis = tonsils get inflamed and enlarged. Tonsil often called adenoid.
  4. Strep throat “streptococcus pyogenes”
  5. Laryngitis = infection of the larynx; hoarseness of voice, inability to talk in audible voice
43
Q

What are lower respiratory infections?

A
  1. Acute bronchitis = infection of the primary and secondary bronchi
  2. Pneumonia = alveoli fill w/ pus and fluid, making gas exchange difficult
  3. Tuberculosis = tubercles encapsulate bacteria, and elasticity of lungs is reduced. If resistance of the body is low, the bacteria can eventually be released
  4. Pulmonary fibrosis = fibrous connective tissue builds up in lungs, reducing their elasticity. Vital capacity is reduced
  5. Chronic bronchitis = airways of bronchioles are inflamed and filled with mucus. Coughing brings up mucus and pus
  6. Emphysema = tiny little pockets within alveoli burst, creating one large space within an alveoli. This reduces the amount of surface area available for gas exchange & less oxygen reaches the heart; patient feels breathless and may have a cough
  7. Asthma = disease of the bronchi and bronchioles, marked by wheezing, breathlessness and sometimes a cough and mucus; smooth muscle in bronchioles undergoes spasms
  8. Lung cancer = 1) thickening and callusing of cells lining the bronchi, 2) cilia are lost, 3) cells w/ atypical nuclei appear in the callused lining, 4) some of these cells break loose and penetrate other tissues
44
Q

What is metastasis?

A

When atypical cells in lung cancer patients break loose and penetrate other tissues. Cancer spreads in effect

45
Q

How can a lung cancer patient prevent prevent metastasis from occurring?

A

A pneumonectomy where a lobe or a whole lung gets removed.

Human Biology, 13th Edition - Sylvia S. Mader (16 decks)

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