Ch 4 - Organization and Regulation of Body Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all connective tissues have in common?

A
  1. Specialized cells (i.e. bone & blood)
  2. Ground substance
  3. Protein fibers
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2
Q

What types of protein fibers are in connective tissue?

A
  1. Collagen > flexibility & strength
  2. Reticular fibers > thin collagen fibers; highly branched, forming supporting networks
  3. Elastic fibers > contain elastin (not as strong as collagen, but more elastic)
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3
Q

What is the matrix in connective tissue?

A

Includes ground substance and fibers

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4
Q

What are the three main types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Fibrous = loose, dense
  2. Supportive = cartilage, bone
  3. Fluid = blood, lymph
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5
Q

What is loose fibrous connective tissue?

A

Tissue that allows organs to expand, for example, the lungs and bladder. Another example = adipose tissue (fat storage).

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6
Q

What is dense fibrous connective tissue?

A

Contains densely packed collagen fibers, for example, tendons and ligaments

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7
Q

What type of tissue does cartilage fall under? What are the 3 types of cartilage and examples of each?

A

Supportive connective tissue

  1. Hyaline = nose, end of long bones (only fine collagen fibers)
  2. Elastic = ears (more elastic fibers than collagen)
  3. Fibrocartilage = vertebrae disks and cushions in knee joints (strong collagen fibers)
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8
Q

What type of tissue does bone fall under? What are the 2 types of bone and give examples of each?

A

Supportive connective tissue

  1. Compact = shaft of long bones
  2. Spongy = ends of long bone and surrounds bone marrow cavity
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9
Q

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

A
  1. Blood = red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

2. Lymph = lymph + white blood cells (also absorb fat molecules in the small intestine to transport to blood vessels)

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10
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of giant cells present only in bone marrow that assist with the clotting process

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  1. Connective
  2. Nervous
  3. Muscular
  4. Epithelial
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12
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue? Which are striated and which aren’t?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle = muscle attached to skeleton, associated w/ voluntary movement. Striated (striped)
  2. Smooth muscle = involuntary movement associated with bodily processes and movement of substances in things like blood vessels and the digestive tract. Non-striated.
  3. Cardiac muscle = involuntary movement to pump blood through heart. Striated
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13
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Nerve cells (called neurons) and neuroglia, which are the cells that support and nourish the neurons.

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nueron?

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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15
Q

How do signals travel through the body?

A

From sensory receptors –> Spine –> Brain. Or the other way around: Brain –> Spine –> Sensory receptors

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16
Q

What is the role of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection. Can also be modified to carry out secretion, absorption, excretion and filtration.

17
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

A thin layer of various types of carbohydrates and proteins that anchor the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

18
Q

What type of epithelial tissue does the digestive tract contain?

A

Simple columnar to absorb nutrients

19
Q

What type of epithelial tissue do the kidney and various glands contain?

A

Simple cuboidal to absorb molecules

20
Q

What type of epithelial tissue do the lining of the lungs and blood vessels contain?

A

Simple squamous to protect and exchange substances (i.e. in lungs, O2 and CO2 are exchanged. In blood, nutrient-waste exchange occurs)

21
Q

What type of epithelial tissue does the trachea (windpipe) contain?

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar to sweep impurities toward throat

22
Q

What type of epithelial tissue do the nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal and vagina contain?

A

Stratified squamous to protect (several layers of epithelial cells defines “stratified”)

23
Q

What type of epithelial tissue do glands contain? What are the types of glands?

A

Columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells. There are exocrine glands (i.e. sweat and salivary glands) that secrete substances externally. There are also endocrine glands (i.e. pituitary and thyroid gland) that secrete substances internally (in this case, they excrete hormones into the blood stream)

24
Q

How many tissue types does skin have, and what is its more scientific name?

A

It has all four. It’s called the integumentary system

25
Q

What are the 3 layers that skin is composed of?

A
  1. The top, epidermis layer
  2. The middle, dermis layer
  3. The bottom, hypodermis layer (technically not part of the skin)
26
Q

What is located in the epidermis layer?

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelial cells
  2. Langerhans cells = macrophages, or white blood cells that phagocytize pathogens
  3. Melanin (produced from melanocytes)
  4. Cholesterol that gets converted to vitamin d3
  5. Hair follicles extend to epidermis, starting in dermis
27
Q

What is located in the dermis layer?

A
  1. Sensory receptors
  2. Capillaries
  3. Oil glands
  4. Arrector pili muscle (goose bumps) - attach to hair follicles
  5. Nerve endings
  6. Hair follicles
  7. Hair roots
  8. Sweat glands
  9. Arteries
  10. Veins
  11. Nerves
28
Q

What is located in the subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer?

A
  1. Adipose tissue
29
Q

Why are oil secretions important for our health?

A

They’re acidic and delay the growth of bacteria

30
Q

What are the two main body cavities, and what is included in each?

A
  1. Ventral cavity = thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
  2. Dorsal cavity = cranial cavity (brain), vertebral cavity (spinal chord)
31
Q

What is the mucous membrane?

A

A membrane that lines the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems. Contains specialized cells that secrete mucus

32
Q

What is the serous membrane?

A

A membrane that lines and supports the lungs, heart, abdominal cavity and its internal organs

33
Q

What are synovial membranes?

A

Composed of only loose connective tissue that line the cavities of freely movable joints. Secrete a fluid that lubricates the ends of bones (joints).

34
Q

What is negative feedback? Provide an example.

A

A sensor detects a change in the internal environment. The control center then brings about an effect to bring conditions back to normal. For example, regulation of body temperature.

35
Q

What is positive feedback? Provide an example.

A

A mechanism that brings about an increasing change in the same direction. For example, as labor continues, the cervix is increasingly stimulated, and uterine contractions become stronger until birth occurs. With positive feedback, there is always a definite cutoff point.