Ch 6 - Cardiovascular System: Blood

Question 1

How long does it take the heart to circulate the body’s entire blood supply?

Answer 1

1 minute

Question 2

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 2

1. Transport = transports nutrients, waste and hormones (w/ the help of proteins in blood). Proteins called HDL and LDL carry lipids through body. Hemoglobin binds with oxygen and transfers CO2 to lungs
2. Defense = White blood cells phagocytize pathogens. They also secrete antibodies into the blood.
3. Regulation = Regulates temperature by picking up heat from muscles. If too hot, heat transfers to blood vessels in skin to disperse into environment. Plasma contains dissolved salts and proteins that create osmotic pressure and keep liquid content of blood high. Also chemical buffers in blood keep pH of 7.4.

Question 3

What happens when carbon monoxide is present?

Answer 3

It takes the place of oxygen in hemoglobin

Question 4

What are formed elements?

Answer 4

Cells and cell fragments in the blood (RBC, WBC and platelets). They’re suspended in a liquid called plasma.

Question 5

Where are blood cells created?

Answer 5

In red bone marrow.

Question 6

What are pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 6

They’re the parent cells that divide and give rise to all types of blood cells. Located in red bone marrow

Question 7

What is plasma made up of, and what is its function?

Answer 7

91% water, 9% various salts (ions) and organic molecules. The salts function as buffers to maintain blood pH. Plasma proteins maintain osmotic pressure.

Question 8

What are the most abundant organic molecules located in plasma?

Answer 8

Plasma proteins, which are created by the liver. They also help maintain pH of blood at 7.4. Key players in osmotic pressure

Question 9

What are 3 of the main types of plasma proteins, and what is their function? What’s the 4th protein also involved in clotting?

Answer 9

1. Albumins = most abundant, and thus contribute most to osmotic pressure.
2. Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) = proteins that combine with and help transport substances like hormones, cholesterol and iron
3. Fibrinogen = inactive protein, but once activated, it forms a blood clot with fibrin fibers
4. Prothrombin = platelets and damaged tissue cells release this activator, which sets off a chain of reactions to form a clot

Question 10

What is another word for RBCs?

Answer 10

Erythrocytes

Question 11

What is hemoglobin (Hb), and what does it do?

Answer 11

A pigment with a high affinity for oxygen. Transports oxygen in blood and CO2. The globin is a protein containing 4 polypeptide chains. The heme contains iron, which combines with oxygen. Also helps plasma proteins and salts maintain pH of 7.4.

Question 12

What are the differences between a RBC and WBC?

Answer 12

Red doesn’t have a nucleus or organelles after it matures. WBC have both. RBCs die after 120 days, WBCs can live up to years. WBCs are larger and do not contain hemoglobin (and thus, are translucent).

Question 13

How does not having a nucleus affect RBCs?

Answer 13

They’re unable to replenish important proteins and repair cellular damage, thus they only live about 120 days and we must produce more.

Question 14

What is the hormone produced when amount of oxygen flowing to cells is low, and which organ produces it?

Answer 14

The kidneys release a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates the stem cells in bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. The liver and other tissues also produce EPO for the same purpose.

Question 15

How does jaundice occur?

Answer 15

If liver fails to excrete heme, it accumulates in tissues.

Question 16

What is anemia?

Answer 16

When there aren’t enough RBCs or the cells don’t have enough hemoglobin. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type.

Question 17

Which vitamins and minerals are necessary for blood production?

Answer 17

Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid (a B vitamin)

Question 18

Which vitamin is needed for blood clotting?

Answer 18

Vitamin K helps produce prothrombin.

Question 19

What is sickle-cell disease?

Answer 19

When RBCs are deformed and tend to rupture. Cells become sticky and sludgy.

Question 20

What are the different types of white blood cells, or leukocytes?

Answer 20

1 most abundant: Neutrophils = first-responders to bacterial infection. Phagocytic.

Monocytes = largest of the WBCs. Macrophages and dendritic cells that phagocytize pathogens, old cells and cellular debris

Eosinophils = protect the body from large parasites (worms) and phagocytize allergens and proteins associated w/ inflammatory response

Basophils = rarest of WBCs. Together w/ mast cells, basophils release histamine in response to allergic reactions, which dilates blood vessels

Question 21

What is SCID?

Answer 21

Severe combined immunodeficiency. When stem cells of WBCs lack an enzyme called adenosine deaminase. Without this enzyme, B and T cells don’t develop & body can’t fight infections.

Question 22

What is Leukemia?

Answer 22

A group of cancers involving proliferation of WBCs that haven’t fully matured, and therefore, don’t perform their normal defense functions.

Question 23

What is infectious mononucleosis (mono)?

Answer 23

Herpes virus. EBV remains dormant and hidden in a few cells in the throat and blood for the rest of a person’s life. Stress can reactivate the virus.

Question 24

What are platelets?

Answer 24

Also called thrombocytes, which are formed elements. They’re fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes formed in red bone marrow. Involved in process of clotting.

Question 25

What is coagulation?

Answer 25

Clotting

Question 26

What are the steps involved in the clotting process?

Answer 26

1. Platelets congregate to form a plug
2. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin (w/ help of calcium ions, contributed by bones)
3. Thrombin acts as enzyme to sever a fibrinogen molecule into fibrin threads (w/ help of calcium ions)
4. Fibrin threads wind around platelets to form clot

Question 27

What is the fluid called that escapes from a clot?

Answer 27

Serum, which contains all components of plasma except for the plasma proteins.

Question 28

What is thrombocytopenia, and how does it occur?

Answer 28

When you have an insufficient # of platelets. Due to low production of platelets in red bone marrow OR increased breakdown of platelets outside of marrow.

Question 29

What is hemophilia?

Answer 29

An inherited clotting disorder that causes a deficiency in a clotting factor

Question 30

If a person’s blood type is type A, what type of antigens are on their blood cells, and what type of antibodies do they have?

Answer 30

Type A blood is type A antigens and type B antibodies

Question 31

What is the universal donor blood type?

Answer 31

Type O b/c blood cell doesn’t contain antigens

Question 32

What is the universal recipient blood type?

Answer 32

Type AB b/c there are no antibodies in the plasma to agglutinate.

Question 33

What is agglutination?

Answer 33

Clumping of red blood cells, which occurs when two different blood types are combined.

Question 34

What is Rh-positive blood type?

Answer 34

Rh is a factor on a RBC. Presence of Rh factor in a baby’s blood can leak across placenta into the mother’s bloodstream. The mother’s blood will create antibodies to fight it, and they’ll start attacking the baby’s blood cells, leaving the baby very anemic due to RBC destruction.

Question 35

Which organ helps regulate the acid-base and salt-water balance in blood and tissue fluid?

Answer 35

The kidneys