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Anthropology > Ch. 9 (political organization) - Final > Flashcards

Ch. 9 (political organization) - Final Flashcards

1
Q

three dimensions or political organization

A
  1. extent to which political organization are distinct from social structure
  2. Extent to authority is concentrated
  3. Level of political integration
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2
Q

Types of political organization

A
  1. centralized vs. non centralized (headless or acephalous structures)
  2. band societies
  3. tribal societies
  4. chiefdoms
  5. states
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3
Q

band societies

A

Informal leadership style

  • least complex, small nomadic (30-50 people)
  • high value on sharing/kinship based
  • common in hunting/gathering societies
  • conflcits are minimal

Example: Ju/’hoansi of the Kalahari

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4
Q

tribal societies

A

Informal leadership style

  • small scale, composed of autonomous political units sharing common linguistic and cultural features
  • horticulturalist and pastoralists
  • larger populations, age grades, clans, secret societies

Example: Samburu of Kenya

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5
Q

chiefdoms

A

Single leader, may have advisory council - Chiefships are hereditary

  • integration of other communities
  • immediate kin are social and political elite
  • larger, specialized population
  • economic reditribution

Example: Precolonial Hawaiian system

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6
Q

states

A

Single leader

  • supra-kinship (membership is based on residency/ citizenship)
  • hierarchical
  • most formal and complex
  • Authority - state holds exclusive right to use force and physical coercion

Example: Roman Empire, modern: Canada, Germany, USA

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7
Q

acheived status

A

status acquired (class systems)

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8
Q

ascribed status

A

status person has by virtue of birth (caste systems)

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9
Q

social mobility

A

the change in social class

  • class: individual can change
  • caste: individual has no social mobility
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10
Q

class

A

segment of the population where members share similar lifestyles and levels of wealth, power and prestige

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11
Q

caste

A

caste rank their members according to birth (economic issues, workload) - cannot change, you are born into it

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12
Q

Dalit

A

example of a caste society - the lowest of the low (“untouchables”)

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13
Q

nation

A

a group of people who share common symbolic identity, culture and symbols, history and often religion

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14
Q

state

A

type of political structure distinct from a band, tribal society or chiefdom

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15
Q

nation-state

A

a group of people sharing a common cultural background and unified political structure

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16
Q

social control

A
  1. social norms
  2. deviance
  3. sanctions
17
Q

social norms

A

normal, proper or expected ways of behaving

18
Q

deviance

A

a violation of social norms

19
Q

sanctions

A

(positive and negative), institutionalized ways of encouraging people to conform to the norms

20
Q

mechanisms of control in all societies

A
  • socialization
  • public opinion
  • gossip/rumour
  • ostracism
21
Q

socialization

A

teaching young people of the norms in a society

22
Q

public opinion

A

what general public believes

23
Q

supernatural beleif systems

A

set of beliefs in forces that transcend the natural, observable world ie. witchcraft

24
Q

small scale societies - mechanisms of control

A
  • corporate lineages
  • song duels
  • interdemiaries
  • moots
  • council of elders
  • oath
  • ordeal
25
Q

corporate lineages

A

members engage in daily activities together (eat, live, sleep)

26
Q

song duels

A

a fight fought with song - determining ones guilt or innocence

27
Q

state societies - mechanisms of control

A
  • laws (legal statutes)
  • policing
  • customary law vs. western law
28
Q

moots

A

informal hearings to solve conflicts - involve council of elders

29
Q

intermediaries

A

mediators to solve conflict

30
Q

oath

A

supernatural bear witness to the truth someone says

31
Q

ordeal

A

painful/life threatening test inflicted on someone suspected of wrong doing

32
Q

laws

A

cultural rules that regulate human behaviour and maintain order

33
Q

rebellion

A

attempt to disrupt the status quo and redistribute power/resources

34
Q

revolution

A

overthrow existing form of political organization

35
Q

customary law vs. western law

A

major issue during colonialization - ie. colonies under control of the british, belgian, french etc. were forced to adopt different laws

36
Q

anthropology and the military

A
  • least collaboration with the military
  • lack of cross-cultural knowledge in the military
  • US military now employing anthropologists
37
Q

ethical issue with anthropology and the military

A

Should anthropologists help the military? Of course it is better that the military understand the local people better////but at what cost? Anthropologists may become larger roles in regards to shaping foreign policy

Anthropology (6 decks)

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