Ch. 8 (sex, gender, sexuality) - Final Flashcards
sex
the biological or genetic differences between males and females
sexual dimorphism
The physiological differences between men and women
gender
the way members of the two sexes are perceived, evaluated and expected to behave
masculinity
social definition of maleness (Mead’s study: “Sex and Temperament”)
femininity
social definition of femininity (Mead’s study: “Sex and Temperament”)
transgender
change of sex
androgyny
combo of male and female characteristics
gender indentity
which gender one associates with
gender pluralism
multiple categories of femininity, masculinity, androgyny - ALL are tolerated
third/fourth gender categories
- two-spirits (First Nations/Native American - ie. winkte (lakota)
- hijra (India)
- kathoey (Thailand)
sexuality
sexual practices of humans, varying widely from culture to culture
sexual orientation
- heterosexual
- homosexual
asexual
no sexual feelings or desires
gender roles
some are rigid, some cultures overlap (ie. hunting (men), cooking (women), child care (women)
gender stratification
Ranking according to gender
- subordinate women in East Africa (pastoral)
- egalitarian in Ju/’hoansi
male dominance and sexual asymmtry
Men tend to be in a position of dominance
feminization of poverty
high proportion of women are living in poverty
gender inequality
refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender.
- differences in socially constructed gender roles as well as - biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences.
Gender Empowerment Measure (UNDP)
composite indicator that captures gender inequality in three key areas:
- the extent of women’s political participation and decision-making
- economic participation and decision making-power and 3. the power exerted by women over economic resources.
double workload
women are working jobs and running a household
occupational segregration
predominance of one gender in certain occuptions
gender ideology
system of thoughts and values that legitimize gender roles, statuses and behaviour
males gender bias
(gender ideology)
preference of having sons in some societies
female infanticide
(gender ideology)
killing female children
Areas of gender disparity
- education
- employment
- reproductive health
- vulnerability to HIV/AIDS
- Finance
Reproductive health
- decision making and controls and multiple levels: family/domestic, state (gov. policies), global (int. programmes)
- fertility control (traditional vs. chemical)
