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kine 420 > ch 9 - minerals > Flashcards

ch 9 - minerals Flashcards

1
Q

macrominerals

A

found in large amounts

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2
Q

micromineral

A

found in small amounts (trace)

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3
Q

proper bone formation minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride

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4
Q

electrolyte minerals

A

sodium, potassium, chloride

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5
Q

enzyme related function minerals

A

iron, zinc, selenium, copper

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6
Q

macrominerals list

A

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfur

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7
Q

intake values for some minerals are ___ ___ for both gender of the same age

A

the same

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8
Q

mineral balance is maintained by

A

adjusting absorption and excretion

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9
Q

if mineral storage is high…

A

absorption decreases

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10
Q

if mineral storage is low…

A

absorption increases

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11
Q

mechanisms of mineral balance

A

hormones
altered metabolism
storage capacity

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12
Q

influence of age on mineral absorption

A

decreases w age

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13
Q

influence of sex on mineral absorption

A

varies with the mineral

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14
Q

influence of life cycle stage on absorption

A

growth states generally increase absorption; growth states include infancy and childhood growth, puberty, and pregnancy

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15
Q

influence of genetics on absorption

A

varies with the individual, absorption could be low, normal, high, or excessive

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16
Q

general and GI health effects on absorption

A

poor health generally results in poorer absorption

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17
Q

presence of a deficiency state effect on absorption

A

generally results in inc absorption

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18
Q

amount consumed influence on absorption

A

in food, higher intakes usually result in greater absorption

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19
Q

presence of other minerals effect on absorption

A

in food, reduces absorption to a small degree, large amounts found in supplements may reduce absorption of competing minerals to a large degree

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20
Q

presence of food in the GI tract influence on absorption

A

enhances absorption

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21
Q

compounds found in food influence on absorption

A
  • phytic acid, oxalate, and insoluble fiber are known to inhibit absorption
  • soluble fiber enhances absorption
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22
Q

chemical form of the mineral effects on absorption

A

most minerals have a chemical form that results in greater absorption

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23
Q

food-drug interactions effect on absorption

A

some medications such as antacids, h2, receptor blockers, and proton pump blockers can increase the pH of the GI tract, which can decrease absorption

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24
Q

iron deficiency without anemia prevelance

A

estimates for female adolescent and adult athletes are in the 25-36 percent range

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25
Q

osteopenia

A

subclinical calcium deficiency
low bone mineral density

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26
Q

subclinical zinc deficiency

A

not likely to be detected in lab tests

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27
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

results in fatigue and impairs performance by reducing aerobic capacity and endurance

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28
Q

osteoporosis

A

clinical calcium deficiency

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29
Q

amenorrhea

A

low energy availability cessation of menstruation

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30
Q

Calcium bone loss is exacerbated in women when

A

estrogen production declines; typically associated with menopause.

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31
Q

role of bones in the body: mineraols

A

maintenance of mineral homeostasis and acid base balance

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32
Q

____ minerals involved in bone formation and healtb

A

eight

33
Q

two types of bone

A

cortical and trabecular

34
Q

Of the mineral content of bone, 80 to 90 percent consists of

A

calcium and phosphorus

35
Q

cortical bone, which is found in the

A

shafts of the long bones and on the surface of the bones.

36
Q

trabecular bone is found at

A

the ends of the long bones and below the surface.

37
Q

calcitrol

A

increases calcium absorption in the intestines

38
Q

osteoblasts

A

responsible for forming bone

39
Q

osteoclasts

A

responsible for resorbing bone

40
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

responsible for controlling calcium

41
Q

at what age is recommended calcium intake the highest

A

9 and 18

42
Q

Hemoglobin (heme 5 iron, globin 5 protein) is an _____-containing protein found in the ___ ___ ___ that can bind ____and consists of four polypeptide chains

A

iron; red blood cells; oxygen

43
Q

nutritional anemias

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • vitamin b12 deficiency anemia
  • folate deficiency anemia
  • anemia due to a deficiency of any nutrient needed for RBC production
44
Q

nonnutritional anemia

A
  • aplastic anemia
  • hemolytic anemia
  • sickle cell anemia
45
Q

The general term anemia refers to a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity and is reflected in a hematocrit of approximately

A

30 percent

46
Q

factors that affect iron status in athletes

A
  • sex
  • age
  • medications
  • diet
  • exercise induced hemolysis
47
Q

how does diet affect iron status

A
  • low cal intake
  • low or absent animal protein intake
  • high intake of iron inhibitors
48
Q

the immune system is suppressed by

A

rigorous training, prolonged exercise

49
Q

the immune system is impaired by

A

inadequate intake of zinc, magnesium, or selenium
excessive intake of zinc or iron

50
Q

zinc deficiency causes

A

decreased production and function of lymphocytes

51
Q

selenium intake from dietary source

A

advised to avoid pro-oxidant effects

52
Q

iron helps to regulate

A

cytokines

53
Q

iron and calcium are good predictors of

A

other mineral intakes

54
Q

adequate intake of ____ is one of two factors most associated with proper immune system function

A

protein

55
Q

t or f: Macrominerals include calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium because they are large in size, whereas microminerals include iron and manganese because they are smaller in size.

A

false

56
Q

t or f: To maintain mineral homeostasis, the body can increase or decrease absorption.

A

true

57
Q

t or f: Because absorption is low for most minerals, toxicity is not a concern.

A

false

58
Q

t or f: Calcium, vitamin D, and protein are important nutritional factors for bone health as well as weight-bearing exercise to achieve peak bone mineral density.

A

true

59
Q

t or f: The only way to increase dietary calcium is through dairy product consumption.

A

false

60
Q

calcium-fortified foods like…

A

orange juice and non-dairy milks.

61
Q

t or f: Individuals with iron deficiency without anemia have low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, resulting in reduced oxygen transport.

A

false

62
Q

Individuals with iron deficiency without anemia (that is, subclinical iron deficiency) have…

A

normal hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations, and the effect of this deficiency and subsequent iron supplementation on exercise capacity and performance is less clear.

63
Q

t or f: Heme iron, which is found in animal foods, has a lower absorption than nonheme iron, found in plant foods and animal tissues.

A

false

64
Q

heme iron, which is found in animal foods, has an estimated absorption rate of

A

15-35%

65
Q

nonheme iron, which is found in plant foods (as well as animal tissues), has a much lower absorption rate of

A

2 to 20 percent.

66
Q

t or f: Zinc, magnesium, and selenium are involved in proper immune system function; however, excessive levels of zinc and iron can impair the immune system.

A

true

67
Q

t or f: Consumption of calcium and iron, when obtained from naturally occurring food sources, is a fairly good predictor of the intake of the other minerals.

A

true

68
Q

t or f: Although a single supplement may provide more than enough of that particular mineral, there are concerns that a single supplement, especially one containing a high dose, may be detrimental to the absorption of other nutrients.

A

true

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT a basic function of minerals?

building body tissue

regulating physiological processes

providing energy for metabolism

maintaining fluid balance

A

providing energy for metabolism

70
Q

Which of the following is NOT classified as a macromineral?

calcium

sodium

potassium

iron

A

iron

71
Q

A mineral that is under substantial hormonal control is:
zinc.

iron.

calcium.

selenium.

A

calcium

72
Q

In the absence of a deficiency, as mineral consumption increases, the amount absorbed:

A

decreases

73
Q

The age at which peak bone mineral density occurs is

A

35 to 60 years

74
Q

The two factors that best explain the increased risk for osteoporosis in elite female distance runners are

A

low energy intake and low estrogen.

75
Q

Why is iron not well absorbed from the intestinal tract?

A

Overabsorption of iron has potentially harmful physiological effects.

76
Q

what effect does iron deficiency anemia have on performance?

A

decline in aerobic capacity

decline in endurance capacity

decline in oxygen utilization

77
Q

Which of the following is likely true regarding athletes and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs)?

A

Prolonged exercise increases risk for URTIs.

78
Q

What is the potential problem with consuming excess supplemental zinc?

A

interference with iron absorption

79
Q

What is the potential problem with mineral supplements that have high bioavailability?

A

excess absorption

kine 420 (10 decks)

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