ch 12 - disordered eating and exercise patterns in athletes Flashcards
t or f: Normal eating may become disordered eating, which may progress to an eating disorder.
true
t or f: Although not well defined, eating disorders, disordered eating, normal eating, and overeating are areas on a continuum.
true
t or f: Exercise should be avoided by those in treatment for an eating disorder.
false
t or f: Eating disorders are psychiatric diseases, and development is often related to control issues.
true
t or f: Abnormal eating (i.e., restriction of food intake) occurring while the athlete is competing but stops at the end of the athlete’s career is a characteristic of anorexia athletica.
true
t or f: Athletes with and without disordered eating have similar traits, including a high level of physical training, an eating plan to support the demands of training, and a desire to change body composition.
true
t or f: To reduce the chances of disordered eating and eating disorders in athletes, the NCAA has recommended that coaches deemphasize weight and its relation to performance.
true
t or f: A female athlete can have low energy availability induced by an energy deficit but be free from disordered eating.
true
t or f: Amenorrheic athletes have higher bone mineral density and are at lower risk for stress fractures than athletes with normal menstruation.
false
t or f: The Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) has replaced the Female Athlete Triad.
false
The progression from normal eating to an eating disorder typically:
is a series of events accumulating over time.
Which factors influence the development of an eating disorder?
Dieting
Demands of training
Psychological stress
a and b
all of these
all of these
How do the terms eating disorder and disordered eating compare?
An eating disorder has specified criteria, but disordered eating is not well defined.
The best definition of excessive exercise is:
exercise equivalent to running more than 50 miles/week.
exercise equivalent to running more than 100 miles/week.
exercise equivalent to running more than 150 miles/week.
none of these
none of these
In which sport are athletes likely to meet the criteria for anorexia athletica but rarely for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa?
Gymnastics
Mixed martial arts
Ballet
Long-distance running
mixed martial arts
Which of the following best describes the condition known as muscle dysmorphia?
Preoccupation and dissatisfaction with muscle size
What are the three distinct but interrelated factors associated with the Female Athlete Triad?
Energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density
Low energy availability is defined as a(n):
energy expenditure that routinely exceeds energy intake.
factors that are related to eating behavior
Inappropriate eating
Dieting behaviors
Training demands
Psychological stresses
normal eating pattern
- flexible and not obsessive
- moderate and balanced
- some constraint, but not reckless abandon or overly strict discipline
- consuming foods that are nutrient rich as well as eating some foods that might have a low nutrient content
Eating must be considered in a larger context when determining if it is classified as “normal” eating. Which of these suggest a deviation from that? (Select all that apply.)
Inability to eat when hungry or to stop when full
Establishing a rigid eating pattern
Overemphasizing food and weight
Overly restraining intake of certain foods
All of these could be a sign of deviation from normal eating behaviors.
The prevalence of anorexia nervosa in late-adolescent and early-adult females is estimated to be
1.5 to 1.0 percent of that population
anorexia nervosa
Caloric restriction that results in a significantly low body weight
Intense fear of gaining weight
Extremely distorted body image
Behaviors to prevent weight gain even at a significantly low weight
bulimia nervosa
Recurring binge eating episodes coupled with inappropriate ways to prevent weight gain
prevalence of bulimia
is difficult to estimate due to lack of treatment and detection
The prevalence of bulimia in late-adolescent and early-adult females is estimated to be
1 to 3 percent of that population
binge eating disorder
Eating a large amount of food in a short period of time
binge eating disorder typically occurs
at least once a week for 3 months or more
binge eating disorder is Associated by having three or more of the following:
More rapid eating than normal
Eating until uncomfortably full
Eating large amounts when not physically hungry
Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed
Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or guilty afterward
Binge eating affects approximately ___% of adults in the United States at some time in their life and is even more common among ____ individuals
3; obese
anorexia athletica
Athletes who overly restrict caloric intake, engage in excessive exercise, or do both to attain or maintain a low body weight to improve performance
characteristics oof anorexia athletic
Weight and fat loss for improved performance, not appearance
Weight loss that results in a lean physique.
Weight cycling
Voluntary or at the suggestion of a coach or trainer.
Occurs while competing, stops at end of the athlete’s career
orthorexia nervosa
Unhealthy obsession with healthy eating
Strict rules of eating, limited number of foods eaten, and eating rituals
body dysmorphic disorder
Excessive concern with perceived body defects
Muscle dysmorphia (the Adonis complex)
muscle dysmorphioa aka
adonis complex
exercise dependence
exercise addiction or compulsive exercise
Which statement is incorrect?
Female athletes are more likely than male athletes to exhibit either disordered eating and eating disorders.
Sports requiring a certified weight before competition do not have a higher prevalence of disordered eating.
Estimates of disordered eating in female athletes range from 6–45 percent.
Determining the prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating in athletes is difficult.
Sports requiring a certified weight before competition do not have a higher prevalence of disordered eating.
sports and activities at high risk for development of eating disorders
- women’s aesthetic sports
- sports in which a low weight or low percentage of body fat is an advantage
- sports with weight categories
Athletes with normal eating and those with disordered eating share many features:
a high level of physical training, an eating plan to support the demands of training, and a desire to change body composition.
low energy availability
- female athlete triad
- RED-S
Energy availability is defined as
dietary energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure
how does energy availability affect bone mineral density
both directly via metabolic hormones and indirectly via effects on menstrual function and thereby estrogen
Amenorrhea is associated with _____ deficiency
estrogen
One of the actions of estrogen is protection against ____ loss from bone, and a low estrogen concentration results in ___ of bone calcium and alterations in bone microarchitecture
calcium; loss
As the mineral density of the bone declines, its structure deteriorates, and there is a greater risk for
fractures
RED-S
relative energy deficiency in sport
RED-S potential negative effects: menstrual…
dysfunction due to hormonal abnormalities in females; reproductive function in males
RED-S potential negative effects: impaired
- bone health and increased risk for stress fractures
- immune system
- growth and development
RED-S potential negative effects: ____ consequences
psychological
RED-S potential negative effects: risk for…
- disordered eating and progression to an eating disorder
- developing iron-deficiency anemia and chronic fatigue
- cardiovascular disease due to unfavorable lipid profiles
RED-S potential negative effects: reduced…
muscle protein synthesis
RED-S potential negative effects: ____ problems
GI
The prevention of low energy availability begins with
preventing persistent energy deficits.
A low body weight must be consistent with
good performance and not compromise the athlete’s physical or mental health
As illustrated in the case study at the beginning of this chapter, the development of an eating disorder in a susceptible athlete can be most attributed to what factors?
a. inappropriate eating and dieting behaviors
b. training demands
c. psychological stresses
d. all of these are correct
d. all of these are correct
An athlete who is aware and diligent about replacing muscle glycogen after training, and thinks about but does NOT obsess over food, demonstrates what type of eating pattern?
d. normal eating
What one word best describes “normal” eating?
flexible
How does anorexia athletica differs from anorexia nervosa?
a. fat reduction is more related to performance than body image
How does disordered eating differ from an eating disorder?
d. Eating is not considered “normal,” but it does not fit the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder.
What is the definition of exercise dependence?
d. unhealthy preoccupation with exercising
What is the most important factor in determining if an athlete is exercising excessively?
a. individual’s intent in doing the exercise
Muscle dysmorphia is most common in what type of individual?
a. men who believe that their muscles are too small despite well-developed musculature
You are a new sports dietitian in a college athletic department and are developing protocols for measuring weight and body composition for your athletes. Based on the International Olympic Committees (IOC) Medical Commission recommendations, how would you recommend that coaches be involved in this process?
c. They should not be involved in determining ideal body weight or composition.
While all athletes are at risk of an eating disorder, which classification of sports can result in an increased emphasis on a thin appearance?
d. women’s aesthetic sports where appearance is a part of the scoring
What is the definition of orthorexia nervosa (ON)?
a. unhealthy obsession with healthy eating
Which sport or activity may be at increased risk for disordered eating and eating disorders?
ballet
What are the three interrelated factors of the Female Athlete Triad?
c. bone mineral density, energy availability, and menstrual function
A female athlete experiencing amenorrhea is at greater risk of what type of injury due to potential lower bone mineral density?
a. stress fracture
