ch 12 - disordered eating and exercise patterns in athletes

Question 1

t or f: Normal eating may become disordered eating, which may progress to an eating disorder.

Answer 1

true

Question 2

t or f: Although not well defined, eating disorders, disordered eating, normal eating, and overeating are areas on a continuum.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

t or f: Exercise should be avoided by those in treatment for an eating disorder.

Answer 3

false

Question 4

t or f: Eating disorders are psychiatric diseases, and development is often related to control issues.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

t or f: Abnormal eating (i.e., restriction of food intake) occurring while the athlete is competing but stops at the end of the athlete’s career is a characteristic of anorexia athletica.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

t or f: Athletes with and without disordered eating have similar traits, including a high level of physical training, an eating plan to support the demands of training, and a desire to change body composition.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

t or f: To reduce the chances of disordered eating and eating disorders in athletes, the NCAA has recommended that coaches deemphasize weight and its relation to performance.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

t or f: A female athlete can have low energy availability induced by an energy deficit but be free from disordered eating.

Answer 8

true

Question 9

t or f: Amenorrheic athletes have higher bone mineral density and are at lower risk for stress fractures than athletes with normal menstruation.

Answer 9

false

Question 10

t or f: The Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) has replaced the Female Athlete Triad.

Answer 10

false

Question 11

The progression from normal eating to an eating disorder typically:

Answer 11

is a series of events accumulating over time.

Question 12

Which factors influence the development of an eating disorder?
Dieting

Demands of training

Psychological stress

a and b

all of these

Answer 12

all of these

Question 13

How do the terms eating disorder and disordered eating compare?

Answer 13

An eating disorder has specified criteria, but disordered eating is not well defined.

Question 14

The best definition of excessive exercise is:

exercise equivalent to running more than 50 miles/week.

exercise equivalent to running more than 100 miles/week.

exercise equivalent to running more than 150 miles/week.

none of these

Answer 14

none of these

Question 15

In which sport are athletes likely to meet the criteria for anorexia athletica but rarely for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa?
Gymnastics

Mixed martial arts

Ballet

Long-distance running

Answer 15

mixed martial arts

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the condition known as muscle dysmorphia?

Answer 16

Preoccupation and dissatisfaction with muscle size

Question 17

What are the three distinct but interrelated factors associated with the Female Athlete Triad?

Answer 17

Energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density

Question 18

Low energy availability is defined as a(n):

Answer 18

energy expenditure that routinely exceeds energy intake.

Question 19

factors that are related to eating behavior

Answer 19

Inappropriate eating
Dieting behaviors
Training demands
Psychological stresses

Question 20

normal eating pattern

Answer 20

• flexible and not obsessive
• moderate and balanced
• some constraint, but not reckless abandon or overly strict discipline
• consuming foods that are nutrient rich as well as eating some foods that might have a low nutrient content

Question 21

Eating must be considered in a larger context when determining if it is classified as “normal” eating. Which of these suggest a deviation from that? (Select all that apply.)
Inability to eat when hungry or to stop when full
Establishing a rigid eating pattern
Overemphasizing food and weight
Overly restraining intake of certain foods

Answer 21

All of these could be a sign of deviation from normal eating behaviors.

Question 22

The prevalence of anorexia nervosa in late-adolescent and early-adult females is estimated to be

Answer 22

1.5 to 1.0 percent of that population

Question 23

anorexia nervosa

Answer 23

Caloric restriction that results in a significantly low body weight
Intense fear of gaining weight
Extremely distorted body image
Behaviors to prevent weight gain even at a significantly low weight

Question 24

bulimia nervosa

Answer 24

Recurring binge eating episodes coupled with inappropriate ways to prevent weight gain

Question 25

prevalence of bulimia

Answer 25

is difficult to estimate due to lack of treatment and detection

Question 26

The prevalence of bulimia in late-adolescent and early-adult females is estimated to be

Answer 26

1 to 3 percent of that population

Question 27

binge eating disorder

Answer 27

Eating a large amount of food in a short period of time

Question 28

binge eating disorder typically occurs

Answer 28

at least once a week for 3 months or more

Question 29

binge eating disorder is Associated by having three or more of the following:

Answer 29

More rapid eating than normal
Eating until uncomfortably full
Eating large amounts when not physically hungry
Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed
Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or guilty afterward

Question 30

Binge eating affects approximately ___% of adults in the United States at some time in their life and is even more common among ____ individuals

Answer 30

3; obese

Question 31

anorexia athletica

Answer 31

Athletes who overly restrict caloric intake, engage in excessive exercise, or do both to attain or maintain a low body weight to improve performance

Question 32

characteristics oof anorexia athletic

Answer 32

Weight and fat loss for improved performance, not appearance
Weight loss that results in a lean physique.
Weight cycling
Voluntary or at the suggestion of a coach or trainer.
Occurs while competing, stops at end of the athlete’s career

Question 33

orthorexia nervosa

Answer 33

Unhealthy obsession with healthy eating
Strict rules of eating, limited number of foods eaten, and eating rituals

Question 34

body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 34

Excessive concern with perceived body defects
Muscle dysmorphia (the Adonis complex)

Question 35

muscle dysmorphioa aka

Answer 35

adonis complex

Question 36

exercise dependence

Answer 36

exercise addiction or compulsive exercise

Question 37

Which statement is incorrect?

Female athletes are more likely than male athletes to exhibit either disordered eating and eating disorders.

Sports requiring a certified weight before competition do not have a higher prevalence of disordered eating.

Estimates of disordered eating in female athletes range from 6–45 percent.

Determining the prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating in athletes is difficult.

Answer 37

Sports requiring a certified weight before competition do not have a higher prevalence of disordered eating.

Question 38

sports and activities at high risk for development of eating disorders

Answer 38

• women’s aesthetic sports
• sports in which a low weight or low percentage of body fat is an advantage
• sports with weight categories

Question 39

Athletes with normal eating and those with disordered eating share many features:

Answer 39

a high level of physical training, an eating plan to support the demands of training, and a desire to change body composition.

Question 40

low energy availability

Answer 40

• female athlete triad
• RED-S

Question 41

Energy availability is defined as

Answer 41

dietary energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure

Question 42

how does energy availability affect bone mineral density

Answer 42

both directly via metabolic hormones and indirectly via effects on menstrual function and thereby estrogen

Question 43

Amenorrhea is associated with _____ deficiency

Answer 43

estrogen

Question 44

One of the actions of estrogen is protection against ____ loss from bone, and a low estrogen concentration results in ___ of bone calcium and alterations in bone microarchitecture

Answer 44

calcium; loss

Question 45

As the mineral density of the bone declines, its structure deteriorates, and there is a greater risk for

Answer 45

fractures

Question 46

RED-S

Answer 46

relative energy deficiency in sport

Question 47

RED-S potential negative effects: menstrual…

Answer 47

dysfunction due to hormonal abnormalities in females; reproductive function in males

Question 48

RED-S potential negative effects: impaired

Answer 48

• bone health and increased risk for stress fractures
• immune system
• growth and development

Question 49

RED-S potential negative effects: ____ consequences

Answer 49

psychological

Question 50

RED-S potential negative effects: risk for…

Answer 50

• disordered eating and progression to an eating disorder
• developing iron-deficiency anemia and chronic fatigue
• cardiovascular disease due to unfavorable lipid profiles

Question 51

RED-S potential negative effects: reduced…

Answer 51

muscle protein synthesis

Question 52

RED-S potential negative effects: ____ problems

Answer 52

GI

Question 53

The prevention of low energy availability begins with

Answer 53

preventing persistent energy deficits.

Question 54

A low body weight must be consistent with

Answer 54

good performance and not compromise the athlete’s physical or mental health

Question 55

As illustrated in the case study at the beginning of this chapter, the development of an eating disorder in a susceptible athlete can be most attributed to what factors?
a. inappropriate eating and dieting behaviors
b. training demands
c. psychological stresses
d. all of these are correct

Answer 55

d. all of these are correct

Question 56

An athlete who is aware and diligent about replacing muscle glycogen after training, and thinks about but does NOT obsess over food, demonstrates what type of eating pattern?

Answer 56

d. normal eating

Question 57

What one word best describes “normal” eating?

Answer 57

flexible

Question 58

How does anorexia athletica differs from anorexia nervosa?

Answer 58

a. fat reduction is more related to performance than body image

Question 59

How does disordered eating differ from an eating disorder?

Answer 59

d. Eating is not considered “normal,” but it does not fit the diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder.

Question 60

What is the definition of exercise dependence?

Answer 60

d. unhealthy preoccupation with exercising

Question 61

What is the most important factor in determining if an athlete is exercising excessively?

Answer 61

a. individual’s intent in doing the exercise

Question 62

Muscle dysmorphia is most common in what type of individual?

Answer 62

a. men who believe that their muscles are too small despite well-developed musculature

Question 63

You are a new sports dietitian in a college athletic department and are developing protocols for measuring weight and body composition for your athletes. Based on the International Olympic Committees (IOC) Medical Commission recommendations, how would you recommend that coaches be involved in this process?

Answer 63

c. They should not be involved in determining ideal body weight or composition.

Question 64

While all athletes are at risk of an eating disorder, which classification of sports can result in an increased emphasis on a thin appearance?

Answer 64

d. women’s aesthetic sports where appearance is a part of the scoring

Question 65

What is the definition of orthorexia nervosa (ON)?

Answer 65

a. unhealthy obsession with healthy eating

Question 66

Which sport or activity may be at increased risk for disordered eating and eating disorders?

Answer 66

ballet

Question 67

What are the three interrelated factors of the Female Athlete Triad?

Answer 67

c. bone mineral density, energy availability, and menstrual function

Question 68

A female athlete experiencing amenorrhea is at greater risk of what type of injury due to potential lower bone mineral density?

Answer 68

a. stress fracture