ch 5- proteins

Question 1

basic structure of an amino acid

Answer 1

• amino group
• carboxyl group
• side chain

Question 2

dispensable amino acid

Answer 2

can be manufactured in the liver

Question 3

indispensable amino acid

Answer 3

• cannot be made by the body
• aka essential amino acids

Question 4

conditionally indispensable amino acids

Answer 4

• cannot be made by the body during periods of physiological stress
• 6 of the dispensable AAs

Question 5

branched chain amino acids, muscles can use as an energy source during prolonged endurance exercise when muscle glycogen stores are low

Answer 5

• isoleucine
• leucine
• ## valine

Question 6

non glucogenic AAs

Answer 6

• leucine
• lysine

Question 7

proteins as components of enzymes

Answer 7

enzymes are specialized proteins that speed up chemical rxns in cells

Question 8

proteins as components of hormones and signaling proteins

Answer 8

hormones, many of which are protein based, regulate metabolic processes; signaling proteins are known as growth factors and can bind to the surface of a cell and influence its cellular processes; some AAs stimulate signaling proteins necessary for skeletal muscle protein synthesis

Question 9

structural proteins

Answer 9

component of muscle, connective tissue, skin, hair, and nails

Question 10

transport proteins

Answer 10

part of molecules that allow compounds to be transported, such as oxygen, co2, iron, and fats

Question 11

immune system proteins

Answer 11

fundamental component of the immune system

Question 12

acid base regulator

Answer 12

AAs have both acid and basic groups, which help the body to achieve acid base balance and optimal pH

Question 13

fluid regulator

Answer 13

proteins, esp those found in the blood, help to maintain fluid balance

Question 14

sources of energy

Answer 14

under normal conditions, a minor energy source, under temp stressful conditions, a small but important source of energy; under sever or prolonged stress, such as starvation, a major source of energy but to the detriment of health

Question 15

mucosal cells shed in GI tract

Answer 15

endogenous protein

Question 16

branched chain AA supplement

Answer 16

exogenous protein

Question 17

hard boiled egg

Answer 17

exogenous protein

Question 18

ezymes

Answer 18

endogenous protein

Question 19

Dietary proteins and large polypeptides are broken down into smaller polypeptides and amino acids by

Answer 19

strong acids and digestive enzymes

Question 20

Amino acids are absorbed via

Answer 20

energy-dependent active transport in the presence of sodium Na1 and hydrogen ions (H1)

Question 21

amino acids leave the cell by

Answer 21

various passive carriers and enter the blood

Question 22

AA pool: average of how many g of AAs? how much is glutamine?

Answer 22

150 g total; 80 g is glutamine

Question 23

the amino acid pool is always in flux bc of

Answer 23

protein turnover

Question 24

most of the AAs in the AA pool come from

Answer 24

the breakdown of body tissues, including skeletal muscle tissue

Question 25

anabolic

Answer 25

building complex molecules

Question 26

catabolic

Answer 26

breaking down of complex molecules

Question 27

transamination

Answer 27

• amino group is transferred to another carbon skeleton
• liver manufactures dispensable amino acids

Question 28

deamination

Answer 28

• removal of the amino group
• leaves an alpha keto acid or carbo skeleton

Question 29

The amino acid pool in muscle tissue is derived from

Answer 29

amino acids taken up from the blood, those synthesized in the muscle (de novo synthesis), or those from the breakdown of muscle protein.

Question 30

AA from the amino acid pool can be used to

Answer 30

synthesize muscle proteins, metabolized for energy via oxidative phosphorylation, or released into the blood for distribution to other tissues in the body.

Question 31

glucose alanine cycle

Answer 31

pyruvate -> alanine -> liver -> pyruvate -> gluconeogeneis

Question 32

positive nitrogen balance

Answer 32

• growth
• ex: pregnancy, hypertrophy

Question 33

rec athlete protein recommendation

Answer 33

0.8 to 1.0 g/kg/d

Question 34

middle distance runner protein recommendation

Answer 34

1.2 to 1.5 g/kg/d

Question 35

athlete in an active muscle building phase protein recommendation

Answer 35

2.0 g/kg/d

Question 36

Athlete returning to a muscle-maintenance phase after an increase in skeletal muscle mass protein recommendation

Answer 36

1.5 g/kg/d for muscle maintenance

Question 37

ultraendurance athlete protein recommendation

Answer 37

: Adjust protein intake to reflect rest, low volume, and high-volume endurance training phases

Question 38

post-exercise protein consumption should be

Answer 38

be 0.25 to 0.3 g/kg, with a focus on leucine-containing and whey protein sources.

Question 39

T or F Protein supplements are neither more nor less effective than food proteins for skeletal muscle growth.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

The primary structure of the protein determines its:

Answer 40

function

Question 41

The amino acids that are most rapidly absorbed from the intestine are:

Answer 41

indispensable amino acids

Question 42

Absorption of food proteins takes place primarily in the:

Answer 42

small intestine

Question 43

Which athlete would use protein as an energy source to the greatest extent?

Answer 43

ultraendurance athlete

Question 44

What is the amino acid pool?

Answer 44

amino acids circulating in the blood or fluid between cells

Question 45

The amount of protein recommended daily for athletes in training on a kg of body weight basis is:

Answer 45

1.0 to 1.8 g

Question 46

Which of the following is (are) recommended for postexercise intake?

Answer 46

• low-fat chocolate milk
• fruit-in-the-bottom yogurt
• turkey sandwich

Question 47

Why do athletes who restrict their energy intake need more protein?

Answer 47

More protein will be burned for energy.

Question 48

Which of the following systems is highly dependent on protein because of rapid cell turnover?

Answer 48

immune

Question 49

How do whey and casein differ?

Answer 49

Each is comprised of different amino acids.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT an example of complementary proteins or mutual supplementation?

Answer 50

tofu and rice

Question 51

The amino acid considered conditionally indispensable in long distance runners is:

Answer 51

glutamine

Question 52

What is the mechanism for beta-alanine supplementation?

Answer 52

helps to buffer muscle pH in high-intensity exercise