Ch. 9 Long-Term Memory (Exam 3)

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

• initial creation of memory traces in brain from incoming info

Question 2

consolidation

Answer 2

• continued organization and stabilization of memory traces over time

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

• retention of memory traces over time
• new synapses

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

• accessing/using stored info from memory traces

Question 5

dissociation

Answer 5

• performance differs across two tasks
• doesn’t necessarily demonstrate separate brain systems

Question 6

double-dissociation

Answer 6

• if both systems can be independently paired
• strong evidence that they rely on different brain mechanisms

Question 7

short-term memory

Answer 7

• seconds
• limited capacity
• sustained activation of neurons

Question 8

long-term memory

Answer 8

• minutes, hours, days, years
• almost unlimited capacity
• number and strength of synapses

Question 9

implicit long-term memory

Answer 9

• non-declarative
• independent of conscious awareness
• procedural, conditioning, non-associative, or priming

Question 10

explicit long-term memory

Answer 10

• declarative
• available to conscious awareness
• semantic or episodic

Question 11

non-associative memory

Answer 11

• a change in the strength of a response to a single stimulus due to repeated exposure to that stimulus

Question 12

habituation

Answer 12

• reduced response to repeated stimulus
• pre-synaptic depression

Question 13

sensitization

Answer 13

• increased response to a repeated stimulus
• pre-synaptic facilitation

Question 14

motor coordination and cerebellum

Answer 14

• uses forward model to predict results of motor commands
• differences in actual results and predicted results

Question 15

basal ganglia and reinforcement learning

Answer 15

• unexpected rewards generate dopamine signals from the substantia nigra pars compacta
• excites direct pathway and inhibits indirect pathway
• compares actual vs expected reward

Question 16

priming

Answer 16

• change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to same or related stimulus without conscious awareness

Question 17

perceptual priming

Answer 17

• sensory cortices

Question 18

conceptual/semantic priming

Answer 18

• unimodal and multimodal association cortices

Question 19

semantic memory

Answer 19

• for concrete word meanings
• activates areas of cortex involved in relevant processing
• start as episodic

Question 20

sensory/functional theory (semantic memory)

Answer 20

• organization of semantic representations is based on relevant sensory and motor features

Question 21

domain-specific theory (semantic memory)

Answer 21

• organization of semantic representations is based on semantic categories

Question 22

encoding of episodic memory

Answer 22

• hippocampus and related structures form indices to bind cortical representations

Question 23

retrieval of episodic memory

Answer 23

• hippocampus and related structures use indices to reinstate cortical representations

Question 24

parahippocampal cortex

Answer 24

• encoding spatial layout and visuospatial memory
• figure out what is relative

Question 25

entorhinal cortex

Answer 25

- what and where object/info is

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

- formation and consolidation of memory

Question 27

fornix

Answer 27

- pathway from hippocampus to other cortical/subcortical structures

Question 28

Hebbian learning

Answer 28

- neurons that fire together wire together - when presynaptic action potential lead to postsynaptic action potential, connection is strengthened

Question 29

long-term depression

Answer 29

- neurons that fire apart wire apart - when presynaptic potential does not lead to postsynaptic action potential, connection is weakened

Question 30

reconsolidation

Answer 30

- when a memory is retrieved, it's reformed, and is once again subject to interference - recall/reactivation leads to reconsolidation